Silver, the Inventor of the Adhesive Polymer on Which Post-It is Based Essay

Silver, the Inventor of the Adhesive Polymer on Which Post-It is Based - Essay ExampleThe specific output, which is anomalous worldwide, has made 3M a leading firm in managing innovation. The review of the actual history of Post-It, up to its entrance in the market, proves that the development of the particular product has been kind of difficult for its designers. In fact, the inventor of Post-It, the chemist Spencer Silver, spent many years in trying to persuade leaders in his governing in look to the value of his invention an adhesive polymer of various uses. At the end, and mostly due to the efforts of Silver and those who believed in the products value, Post-It entered the global market. The case of 3M and Post It shows that product innovation can be a quite challenging process, the complexity of which is often non clear even to those working for its promotion. In the context of advanced(a) businesses, product innovation is a concept which is related to the following targ et the examination and evaluation of the need for innovative products and services (Rainey 2005, p.10). The above definition leads to the self-confidence that product innovation is a rather simple process. Still, such assumption would not be valid. In fact, product innovation has a series of aspects which atomic number 18 analytically presented in the sections that follow. Another characteristic of product innovation is the following one the methods used for the promotion of product innovation within each governance are not standardized (Rainey 2005, p.10). Different tools and techniques can be used for promoting product innovation, depending on the potentials of each organization to provide the required funds and substructure (Rainey 2005, p.10).One of the most common issues that appear each time that product innovation schemes are promoted is the following one can the particular process be introduced in any organization or it is necessary that certain requirements are met. Mor eover, innovation, as a process is based on certain rules or it is not controllable as of its structure and components? The answer to the above questions can be identified in the study of Cogliandro (2007). According to Cogliandro (2007) innovation, in all its aspects, needs to be based on three principles a) innovation needs to be related to all aspects of the organization in fact, innovation would be expanded across organization covering all organizational activities (Cogliandro 2007, p.18) and during all periods of the life of the organization.

Tulsa Race Riot Essay Example for Free

Tulsa Race bacchanal EssayDuring the early 1900s, America has experienced an act of aversion and despair. Envy became the motive to suppress the masses and the death of hundreds of innocent people became the result. But how did all of this occur without any written record except for the sore memories forever instilled in the minds of the victims? Where were the authorities? Where was the so called justice that these people deserved? All of these questions replayed in my mind that night. On February 11, 2011, I attended an enrichment program at the Ray Charles Performing Arts Center at Morehouse College. At this enrichment program, there was a special viewing of the documentary Soundtrack for a Revolution followed up by a questions and answers segment. Before the showing, there was nice musical performance presented by two individuals. The performance itself gave an overview of the Tulsa Race Riot. Shortly afterwards, the film started. Prior to this event, I bemuse the opportu nity to do research on this tragedy about a year ago, scarce never had been as deeply concerned about the resultant just by reading about it. The film was well put together and definitely caught my attention.Soundtrack for a Revolution told the story of Tulsa, Oklahoma during the early 1900s and how it was a haven of flourishing black business. Everyones wealth within the black community helped boost each others business. It literally was considered the sorry Wall Street. The dollar there circulated approximately thirty to one thousand magazines and sometimes took an entire year before the currency left over(p) the community. But, many people did not take a liking to the amount of wealth and success the black people of Tulsa, Oklahoma had. They grew envious and felt the essential to suppress and even eliminate this epidemic.On May 31st through June 1st in 1921, they took action and for eighteen hours straight, they attacked. On those two days, hundreds of whites had gathered a rms against the unarmed African Americans. So many of them were murdered and those who survived were left with nothing but tears and the painful memories. The movie forwarded to a more recent time and focused on the survivors of that dreadful day. It has been so many years since that event and the survivors have yet seen justice from the state and country whose purpose was to ensure their equality.Ive watched the film and how they were ignored by court judges and the only reconciliation that those who have managed to live received was nothing but a bronze metal. From what I have been watching, that piece of metal could not have given them proper justice. In the 1950s and 60s, America became a volatile and confused nation as the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum, and black Americans demanded equality, both in the eyes of the legal and social systems.Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. orked tirelessly in the fight against injustice and inequality, and in the end paid for his dedica tion with his very life. His main goal was to have peace for both whites and blacks. He wanted everyone no matter what color to get on and live among each other instead of being segregated. His advice, as his speech implies, was not to judge one another by the color of their skin but by the contents of their characters. This injustice that occurred in Tulsa was the exact opposite of Martin Luther King Jr. s vision for the world.This is why he fought so long and lowering for. As far as the survivors, I really hope that they will get the justice that they truly deserve. I do not know scarcely how they can accomplish this specifically, but I do know that, with persistence and being resilient, they will finally accomplish this long awaited justice. The Tulsa Race Riot was more than just a tragedy against another race, I believe it was another tragedy against mankind.

The korean conflict Essay Example for Free

The korean conflict EssayThe Korean conflict had a number of factors that contributed to it. One of the factors although it is not the major one could be the size of Korea as a country which is small in the middle of large countries such as Russia, china and Japan. Because of this fact, each surrounding country cute to take everyplace Korea to be to a lower place their territory, something which Korea had trouble in dealing with. Most of the time, she could find herself under the control of the neighbors like China which controlled her at intervals for over 1000 years. The major cause of the conflict came into play when Japan took control of Korea just like the other neighboring countries had done. They get holdd Korea from 1904 until the end of the World war II when the Soviet Union and the United States of America joined forces to drive Japanese out of the Korean territory. They agreed that after the Soviet Union was to rule in the north with the United States taking the Southern Korean. The 38 parallel was to make the dividing line between the North and the South Korea. The ii countries ruled for a period of two years after which they both left Korea.The North which was under the Soviet Union leadership was left with a communist political science while the to the southerly which was under the leadership of the US, a democratic disposal was left behind . Because of the need for unity between the north and the south, problems started. There were two governments in place one formed by the southern mint which was a democratic government and the other one was a communist government. The Yankee government formed the democratic peoples republic of Korea which was headed by Kim II Sung as a prime minister and the southern government was led by Syngman Rhee who was their president.The north wanted Korea unified as a communist state with the south advocating for a democratic state. Elections were held to form a wizard government between the North and the south and were supposed to be supervised by the UN to ensure that they were fair. Elections were held, of which the South was declared to have been undertaken in a thaw and fair way but the Northern regions elections could not be accepted because the UN supervisors could not be allowed into the North by the Soviets who were present.As a result, they were declared unacceptable. This led to formation of the separate states. Disputes started to emerge between the two sides with each side becoming more than aggressive . The United States pulled out its soldiers from the south from 40,000 who were there to only 500 soldiers and limited the number of weapons they were sending to the region. This was partly because of the fear of the southern president attacking the North and also because of the policy that had been passed in the US concerning Asia (NSC 48/2) .Because of the power that the Soviet and China had developed through army advancement such that by 1949 they already had a n uclear bomb, the US opted for a different way of resolving the conflict other than war . In 1950, the troops from North Korea launched a surprise attack on the south. The UN intervened and called an indispensability meeting on the same day but the meeting was boycotted by the Russian security delegation because the UN had recognized Chiang Kai-Sheks government as the ordained government in Taiwan and ignored Maos communist rule in Beijing.At the meeting, it was claimed by the US that North Korea had interfered with world mollification by attacking South Korea. America wanted North Korean troops to back off from the 38 parallel, a view that was supported by nine out of the eleven member countries. On 27th of June 1950, the US suggested that the UN should use force to get the North Korean troops out of the south because of them boycotting the Security Council . The UN formulated its plans in which 16 member states were to provide troops under the joint command of the UN which could support the South Korean phalanx.The UN troops were under the command of an American General MacArthur. The UN troops launched an attack against the North Korean troops in September of 1950 and managed to effectively cut North Korean army into two and managed to push them out of the south. They continued advancing to the North Korean territory despite the warnings from China. This led to an attack on the UN troops by China between 1950 and 1951 managing to push back the UN forces. MacArthur was sucked by President Truman after they had clashed generating the war into a stalemate between the UN and China.They agreed on a ceasefire at Panmunjon in 1953 which still exists to date . The reasons that brought about conflicts between the North and South Korea were not justified. This was not North Korean verses South Korean war but rather it was a war between the US and the Soviet Union. It was the battle for supremacy between the US and the Soviet Union that fueled the conflicts betwee n the two regions. In the first place, they are the ones who brought differences between the north and the south by first dividing them and instilling in them different forms of governance.Because of the effects that the war could have on the people of both the South and North Korea, the Northern troops could have desisted from entering the southern territory. From the start, it was evident that because of the differences that existed between the two, forming a unity government could do them more harm than good hence they should have continued with the separate governments they had formed . The coolness war between the United States and the Soviet Union was more or less the same as the Korean conflict because it was still the struggle for supremacy between the Soviet Union and the US led to these wars.It was because of President Woodrow Wilsons commitment to liberal internationalism that was aimed at promoting democracy together with free enterprise that conflicted with the Soviet Unions world wide class revolution which was aimed at transport a socialist future that triggered the cold war. Differing economic interests between the two is also thought to have brought about the conflict. The US was out to create a new currency stabilizing scheme which the Soviet Union was opposed to because it was based on American capitalism.The issue of war machine superiority also had a hand in the conflict. The Soviet Union was the second most powerful and the US felt threatened by it. Therefore, it was keen on increasing its military capacity. The two came face to face in their fight for supremacy and had to deal with one another . Looking at the factors that led to the Korean conflict and those that contributed to the cold war, it is evident that the driving force between the two was the battle for supremacy between the Soviet Union and the US. These battles had significant effects to both states.It led to an high-ticket(prenominal) arms race which involved development of nuclear weapons, brought about alliances between states for and against each of the two and also had economic implications. They also led to propaganda wars and created a military and bureaucracy complex. It was not healthy for both of them and the world at large because of the tensions that it brought with them. Therefore, it is important for measures to be put in place to ensure that there is reign among countries to avoid conflicts. BIBLIOGRAPHY Burton Ira Kaufman. The Korean conflict. Santa Barbara, CA Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999.Robert Buzzanco, What Happened to the New Left? Toward a Radical Reading of American Foreign Relations Diplomatic History, Vol 23 No 4 Fall, 1999, pp. 575-607 Roger George Stoven. Korean conflict negotiation vs. armed settlement. Minnesota Mankato State College, 1972. Mahavir Prasad Srivastava. The Korean conflict search for unification. New Delhi Prentice Hall of India (1982). Melvyn P Lefler. A Preponderance of Power National Security, the Tr uman Administration and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992). Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlins Cold War from Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996)

Everything you Need to Know About Human papillomavirus Essay Example for Free

Everything you Need to Know About Human papillomavirus EssayChances ar you have at least came into contact with the human papilliomavirus and had no clue you did. Most adults have whom are sexually active have been exposed to HPV, with as many as 20 million estimated Americans to be infected with the strains that cause genital warts. The good news, most cases have no symptoms of health problems. Now for the expectant news, it causes nearly all cases of cervical cancer . In many ways, you can compare HPV to genital herpes. Both are incurable and rarely have symptoms. However, some(prenominal) are capable of causing medical problems and are both widespread in this country.Luckily, HPV only causes cancer in a small percentage of those infected. alike cervical cancer, which is usually all that ever gets mentioned when discussing this infection, HPV can also cause cancer of the vulva, penis, head, neck, and anus, but these are extremely rare. These viruses are called papillomavir us because they tend to cause warts, or papillomas. Which are benign tumors. Warts caused from HPV can appear in the hands, feet or on/around the genital area. The strains of HPV that cause warts on the hands and feet are rarely the same as the ones that cause genital warts. There are about two hundred different types of HPV.Only about forty strains are caused from some embodiment of sexual contact and only a handful are associated with cervical cancer. More than ninety-five percent of HPV viruses cause no symptoms and problems. The Gardasil vaccine, a serious of ternary shots over a period of six months, was approved for women between the ages of thirteen and twenty-six. This vaccine was shown to prevent HPV strains sixteen and eighteen, strains causing seventy percent of cervical cancer. Gardisil does non cure or prevent all strains of HPV. Researchers dont know if patients who show no symptoms are as contagious as the ones who are.

Project Management Success Factors

mold Management Success FactorsIntroduction throw up is a temporary, unique and novel endeavor having a overtake finish date (Project Management Institute, 2013). Project mastery has been a hot topic of debate for the last few decades. A lot of research and subscribe to has been done in this respect but the results are elusive rather than conclusive. The fundamental reason behind this is the unique nature, size and complexity of a put up. Project victor is a perceived concept and there is a wide divergence of opinions concerning this. Early research on project success was done memory into account the golden triangle of time, budget and required levels of quality (Belassi, 1996). Failure to meet this expectations/standards, the project was considered as a failure. However, in the last two decades, the cerebrate has been more on organizational and caution success. The assessment of project success is done by different interest groups- (Stockholders, double-deckers, customers and employees). Therefore, assessment of project success moldinessiness be done in accordance to different views (Stuckenbruck, 1986)(Baccarini, 1999) identified the two distinct sources of project successProject Management Success Emphasizes on project process and the successful accomplishment of golden triangle (cost, time and quality). Also, it addresses the way a project was conducted.Product Success- Deals with the effects of products final issuecome.Project success is of bang most impressiveness as a vast majority of the projects fail, incurring huge amounts of losses (resources and time). To overcome this, prominent researchers have adopted a matt rule of addressing project success, namely project success criteria and success factors.PROJECT CRITICAL SUCCESS CRITERIA AND CRITICIAL SUCCESS FACTORS Project success criteria are the set of guidelines and standards use to review the success or failures of a project. These are dependent on a lot of factors/variables and wil l be subject to variation in detection by different stakeholders. Traditionally, project success criteria were dependent on the golden or iron triangle (cost, time and quality). Conversely, it was later on discovered that success criteria couldnt be measured based on these factors alone as the perception of project success varies from person to person. Furthermore, research also shows that it is impossible to generate a standard specification of success criteria apposite for all projects. Assessment of project was done on different criterias, including utility of the final project, client satisfaction, and the probability of devising use of the finished project (Slevin Pinto, 1986). Although different researches have different opinions, there is a general consensus regarding the result areas, which covers the entire issue of project success in the broadest sense. Some of the key elements of project success criteria are as followsStakeholders Appreciation. User Appreciation.Appre ciation by contracting partners.Appreciation by project personnel.Appreciation by users.Client appreciation.Time.Quality.Cost.Project efficiency.Project oversight is the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. (Project Management Institute, 2013). A lot of significant research work has been carried out in the field of project management to identify and determine the critical success factors. Eminent researchers , Pinto and Slevin were the first to develop a Project management tool, named Project Implementation Plan (PIP) and identification of critical success factors (Slevin Pinto, 1986). These factors were widely accepted and also used by other researchers (Scott-Young Samson, 2004) . Furthermore, it was also realized that due to complexities and subtleties of projects, this method wasnt very effective and the Project implementation tool (PIP) was used to examine the circumstantial success Factors (CSF) ove r different project life cycles (Pinto Prescott, 1998) (Adams, 1978) (King Cleland, 1983). The various Critical Success Factors associated with the different project life cycles are as followsProject Initiation or Conceptualization Phase(Success factors- Definition of goals, project objectives, project abridgment and client appreciation). (Morris Hough, 1987)Project Planning Phase (Success factors- Scope definition, project strategy, selection of team members, work breakdown structure (WBS), resource allocation, client acceptance and management support). (Cleland King, 1983) (Belassi, 1996)Project Execution Phase(Success factors- Scheduling, technical works, trouble-shooting, monitoring and feedback, innovation and quality control) (Morris Hough, 1987)Project Closing or Terminating Phase(Success factors- Client feedback, work review, technical tasks, client consultation, project reports.) (Belassi, 1996)Furthermore, the success factors can also be divided into major groups cov ering all the aspects and elements of project management (Westerveld, 2002). These are as followsManagement of piece Resources(Team and leadership, Project manager, stakeholder Management)Project Process(Planning, scheduling, controlling, monitoring, quality and risk)Organizational Factors(Resources , policy , organizational structure)Technical Factors(Procurement, Contractor, technical works and novelty)External Factors(Skilled human resources, experience, project size, project uniqueness, management support structure, political stability, environment and other natural hazards)Thus, it can be concluded that project success criteria emphasizes more on the result oriented areas, whereas success factors focus more on the organizational areas of a project (Westerveld, 2002). At the same time, they both act as excellent guidelines for the management team to speculate and device their strategy, implementing and executing them in order to achieve direct or indirect project success. Also , researchers have found that that human resource management accelerates projects success more than technical skills (Scott-Young Samson, 2004). Project managers play a pivotal role when it comes to successful delivery of projects. Due to the complexity and uniqueness associated with each project, it is of outmost importance for a project manager to develop and adopt a multi-dimensional approach. As the project manager has to focus on multiple variables, it is essential for the project manager to get his management team onboard as quickly as possible and define project goals, scope and execution plan. A project manager must realize and understand the client and organizations expectations and design a bespoke plan of action taking into account the success criteria and success factors.

Compare And Contrast Situational Crime Prevention

Compargon And Contrast Situational Crime PreventionA democratic c bother is one(a) in which all supreme powers lie with the people of that community. It requires individuals to answer for his or her actions and requires people to know what they brush off and wad not do. It is a system that promotes individual accountability and responsibility with an oversight to judge ones actions. Democracy promotes rights and freedoms and guarantees society guilty punishment when these rights and freedoms contrive been infringed upon. This means that in order to live in a democratic society, individuals essential value and respect others near them, follow the norms and standards of society, and understand that sanctions apply if they infringe upon anothers standard of life.Crimes ar just now the acts or omissions that infract what is acceptable in society. Crimes theory underlines why certain actions ar unacceptable and improper it illustrates reasons why people commit abomination an d demonstrates why there must be consequences in order to deter others. In most western societies there are codes of conduct or laws that regulate how society is to function and how individuals are to behave. However, no matter how many rules, there remain individuals insistent on partaking in crime and unacceptable behaviour. Born is crime barroom, one approach to relations with crime.Crime prohibition is an attempt to reduce victimization and to deter crime and criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice.1It plunder be divided into people, place and situation.2The approach that focuses on people is generally known as crime retainion through social development, where as the approach that focuses on place is generally known as crime prevention through milieual physical body . When these cardinal approaches are combined with situational crime prevention it has been found that there piece of ass be serious reductions in actual crime and delinquency. For the purpose of this essay we are concerned with situational crime prevention and defensible space, a form of crime prevention through environmental design.Situational Crime PreventionSituational crime prevention (SCP) is a strategy which tries to reduce the chance for crime by change magnitude the risks and decreasing the rewards of committing crime.3SCP focuses on preventing the opportunity for crime to occur by addressing factors within a given location that create a crime hotspot. This also includes diminishing characteristics that may make well-nigh people more vulnerable to victimisation because of certain situations.4Increasing the risks of detection, reducing the rewards for offending and increasing the difficulty of offending are all ways to prevent situational crimes. Preventative measures can include installing locks and alarms, increasing surveillance through lighting and reservation buildings harder t o enter. SCP is based on the theory that most crimes committed are contextual and expedient. Therefore, an individual ab fall out to commit a crime is simply responding to the situation around them. SCP examines the circumstances and environment in which individuals may commit crimes, it then identifies possible risks or future crimes, and then searches for solutions specific to those situations.SCP solutions could includeIncreasing the effort required to commit a crime, making it less attractiveIncreasing the risk of being caughtReducing the potential rewards of crimeReducing provocations and temptationsRemoving excuses for committing crimeSCP consists of three zep theoriesRoutine Activity Theory Every crime involves three elements an offender, a target, and an insufficiently guarded environment (thus, must address one or all three).Rational Choice Theory Criminals make rational choices (and not randomly) and thus can be deterred from crime.Offender Search Theory Crime is ver y opportunistic offenders respond to cues given out by the environment (thus, must focus on reducing opportunities).Basically, situational crimes occur because of the situation and environment that an individual is in. Therefore to prevent crime, the theory illustrates that we must change the environment and setting of not merely criminal hotspots, but also all areas where possible crimes may take place. An simulation of an effective SCP campaign is that of the Victorian Governments new measures on street crime. There have been a growing number of intoxicated individuals in the CBD of Melbourne and some individuals and groups have been involved in fights and drunken and disorderly behavior. Situational solutions included education of bar staff and patrons about responsible drinking regulations addressing the number, size and location of bars and their law of closure times police presence at closing times and availability of public transport. This one form of SCP has worked in tha t assaults in the CBD of Melbourne have decreased on average 5.6% since 2008-2009 to 2009-2010.5This leads us in to the term defensible space.Defensible SpaceDefensible Space (DS) is the idea that crime and delinquency can be controlled and palliate through community and environmental design. The idea is important because it associates an individuals environment to his or her expectation of crime in the community or society to which they belong.6The difference in the midst of DS and SCP is that DS is concerned with the residential environment whose physical characteristics (building layout and site plan) function to allow residents themselves to become the key agents in ensuring their own security7, SCP on the other hand relies on governments or authorities assessing the situation and environment of a crime, and then provide sustainable measures in dealing with the setting so as to provide a crime free zone.DS argues that a community is safer when the people feel a sense of owners hip and responsibility for their fade of society. It asserts that the criminal is isolated and cut off because his turf is removed8when all land and property is owned and cared for individuals or members of the community. If an intruder can sense a watchful community, he feels less secure committing his crime9. The idea is that crime and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated through environmental designs.There are four factors that make a defensible space10Territoriality the idea that ones home is sacredNatural surveillance the link amid an areas physical characteristics and the residents ability to picture what is happeningImage the capacity of the physical design to impart a sense of securityMilieu other features that may affect security, such as proximity to a police substation or busy commercial areaThese factors that make a defensible space are crucial to effectively prevent crimes. DS goes further then SCP because it does not rely on crimes to take place, then be analyzed by a third party, and then enacted upon by future deterrent by lack of opportunity. DS can simply prevent crimes because individuals are not likely to offend when they know that there is a member of the community watching them.SCP StrengthsSCP prevents the opportunity for future crimes to exist by addressing the environment and setting to which past crimes have occurred. With the opportunity gone, the theory states that there can be no crime.SCP makes use of mechanical and organizational measures such as CCTV cameras and security guards. This is an effective way to observe crime and keep the public out of harms way in that individuals do not unavoidableness to confront offenders. This is in the publics best interest in that it is harm minimization for all members of society.DS StrengthsDS is inexpensive on the public purse in that it is the people that are policing society. Governments dont need to spend endless amounts of money into new crime prevention techniques and gad gets.DS promotes public awareness and natural surveillance to crime with the public all looking for crime then individuals have little chance of getting onward with crime. This fact deters individuals from offending in that the risk of getting caught greatly out-weighs that of not. It also promotes public unity, in that the people of society can unite as one against the face of crime and report everything they see.Contrast and CritiqueIn analysing DS we can establish the notion that it attempts to be the only preventative measure against crime. DS is individualistic and private, and SCP is collective and public. However, the theory of DS does embark on the opportunity to make SCP and other crime prevention theories obsolete. DS is about changing the environment so as to deter individuals from crime. So therefore, we could engender the concept that if all environments were changed to a private setting, and all individuals take on all four characteristics illustrated in DS, then ther e is no opportunity in theory for crime to be committed. If natural surveillance increases the threat of being caught by taking move to increase the perception that people can be seen, then that should be enough to deter possible offenders. Natural surveillance through environmental design should, if effectively rolled out, be enough to take opportunity away from possible situations, and thus make SCP invalid in that DS has managed to do what SCP aimed at doing.We can see that whilst in theory DS can effectively deal with preventing crime in the public and private arena, it is wholly unrealistic to advert that DS, based on environmental design is ever going to be put into one hundred percent practice. Like most theories and ideologies, we can only implement parts and elements of the theory. It is unrealistic to suggest that in Australian society, let alone the world, DS can be permitted and effectively rolled out. There is simply not enough money to pay for the infrastructure need ed to create such an ideology present, and that is assuming that it would be a joint venture between both public and private financing. Not everyone can afford to upgrade their house so as to convene the philosophies of DS.It is obvious that both DS and SCP need to work together to create sustainable and effective crime prevention. Both share common ground in that both rely on some form of surveillance to effectively deny an opportunity to prevent crime occurring. Natural surveillance measures can be complemented by mechanical and organizational measures. For example,CCTV cameras can be added in areas where window surveillance is unavailable. This combines the strengths of both SCP and DS in that CCTV prevents the opportunity for crime because offenders can be identified. This is one example of how SCP and DS can both work together to achieve crime prevention.More security guards in shopping centers is both a SCP and DS preventative measure in that the individuals are less likely to offend with a security guard is about, the visible presence is an SCP tactic. If there is crime, the people in the shopping centre can notify the security guards, who as an authority, can act accordingly, this is a DS tactic.ConclusionI started off this essay by talking about two things, democracy and its relationship with crime. DS and SCP as ideologies and theories, to an extent, whilst protecting some of our rights, actually take away what we most prize our fundamental rights to freedom and privacy. These essential rights and freedoms are inhibited upon through the enactment of DS and SCP it brings us to the question therefore at what price must we pay to feel safe and secure, to be a crime free society? This question is beyond me because I have mixed views, I like the notions behind DS and SCP and agree more so with philosophies behind DS, however, I also understand that to protect rights we infringe on others.

Does Class Size Matter?

Does Class sizing Matter?Does kinfolk size affect a disciples performance in prepare? Both sides could be argued upon, still neither would win without the proper evidence defending their side. Here is the evidence to put this debate to rest, class size does affect academic performance. sm aller class for a scholar as well as for teachers atomic number 18 a good thing. Research supports the common-sense notion that children learn much and teachers atomic number 18 more than than effective in smaller classes. (General OneFile) Its common sense that smaller class atomic number 18 more effective for school-age childs to learn and teachers to serve up their assimilators. The larger the class, the to the lowest degree be alike(p) it is for the teacher of the class to give every student the help they subscribe to. For a student to be able to succeed the teacher has to be able to help them until they understand on their own enough to handle it by themselves. The more the tea cher is able to help, the more they learn and the more they learn, the more they testament extend to in their futures. Studies rich person shown that small classes affirm a beneficial effect on the academic achievement of children from low-income families and those learning English as a help words (ESL). These are the students that the majority of educators are increasingly dealing with. Not only were small classes studied, but large ones as well. The findings show that overcrowded classrooms are associated with overthrow student achievement as confirmed by reading and mathematics competency tests. (Robert J. Rios) Test scores show that smaller classes are effective at bettering achievements of low income and minority students. Smaller classes help low-income and minority students learn better as well as faster.Larger classes are could be very injurious to students both facts of lifeally and financially. The evidence suggests that increasing class size entrust harm not onl y childrens test scores in the short run, but also their long run human capital formation. Money saved today by increasing class sizes will result in more tangible social and didacticsal costs in the future. (Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach) Raising the size of a class will effect a students test scores as well as languishing them in the long run money wise. Saving money in a flash by increasing class size now will hurt the student in the long run. Its not good for the schools to cut cost now by making class sizes bigger, to effect the student later by having to spend more money to get where they dealed to be in the first rump. Class size is an important determinant of student outcomes, and one that coffin nail be directly determined by policy. All else being equal, increasing class sizes will harm student outcomes. (Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach) Increased student numbers in univer turn onies coupled with reduced resources have often resulted in larger class sizes, thus encouragin g a reversion of the traditional demeanor of delivery and a reduction in small assemblage and tutorial contact in short, less interactive teaching and learning. (William Dun stomach Papo) By increasing student class sizes in schools to reduce resource use has often resulted in the reduction of interactive teaching and learning, you would be decreasing the time that the students could possibly need with the teacher, but not being able to have because there would be too legion(predicate) students to get that opportunity. Raising class size could potentially hurt a students outcomes of achievement instructionally.If you use endnotes, they should be on a separate page, at the end of your text and preceding the list of works cited. If you use footnotes, come to your professor for preferred format.Class Size Change From Elementary to High schoolingAverage Class SizesElementary Class SizeMiddle School Class SizeHigh School Class SizeAverage Class211617Source https//nces.ed.gov/surveys /sass/tables/sass1112_2013314_t1s_007.aspAs you see class size greatly effects a student academically as well as capitally. Policymakers should take into account the facts that students learn better and fast in smaller classes where the teacher target get to all her students.Works CitedBonesronning, Hans. Class Size Effects on Student Achievement in Norway Patterns and Explanations. Southern economical Journal 69.4 (2003) 952. General OneFile. Web. 9 Feb. 2017.Class-Size Reduction Better Than You Think. PRWeb Newswire 18 Feb. 2014 n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 7 Feb. 2017.Guillemette, Yvan. School Class Size Smaller Isnt Better. C.D. Howe Institute Commentary 15 Aug. 2005 n. pag. General OneFile. Web. 7 Feb. 2017.Johnson, Laurene. Does Class Size Really Matter? District Administration Oct. 2011 104. General OneFile. Web. 6 Feb. 2017.PAPO, WILLIAM DUNCAN. LARGE CLASS TEACHING IS IT A line of work TO STUDENTS? College Student Journal 33.3 (1999) 354. General OneFile. Web. 9 Feb. 20 17.Rios, Robert J. School of Education at Johns Hopkins University-Class Size Does It Really Matter? Does It Really Matter? N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.Schanzenbach, Diane W., Professor. Does Class Size Matter? National Education Policy Center. N.p., Feb. 2014. Web. 07 Feb. 2017.Table 7.Average Class Size in Public Primary Schools, Middle Schools, High Schools, and Schools with Combined Grades, by classroom Type and render 2011-12. Table 7.Average Class Size in Public Primary Schools, Middle Schools, High Schools, and Schools with Combined Grades, by Classroom Type and State 2011-12. Schools and Staffing Survey, n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.Is Education the Best Solution to Poverty?Is Education the Best Solution to Poverty?For majority of African children, education represents the only solution of a life of rooted poverty. Across the continent, a large number of children currently survive on less than one dollar a day. Children who can read, create verbally and do some arithmetic can h ope to get better paid job in future. But school is much more than undecomposed job skills. It plays an increasingly important role helping children protect themselves against the diseases which can destroy poor communities. Simple information on day-to-day hygiene and ginmill saves lives and keeps the families together. Finally,school builds cohesiveness, fraternity and confidence. Educated children are less chance to become victims of violence and abuse. They are more likely to invest in improving their community when they are grown. And the follow-on effects of even basic education quickly multiply, as children who have benefited from schooling themselves strive to secure even better opportunities for their own families.In Africa, its common for schools be shut down because of wars and political turmoil. Genocide in Darfur, civil war in Liberia, war in Cote dIvoire and economic strife in Zimbabwe have all shut down schools and disadvantaged students. Schools in many countries in Africa are plagued with corruption, cheating and violence. Schools are also short on teachers and supplies. nevertheless though education is free, compulsory until age 15 and schools also put forward a nutrition and HIV/AIDS awareness program still education is interrupted by violence in many African countries.In order to improve the education systems throughout Africa, efforts have to be made to apprehension the violence and wars by implementing economic sanctions and arms embargos.The financial crisis had halted improvements in education for children in impoverished countries. If education budgets are not protected from the ravages of the financial crisis all the progress could be jeopardized and generations will be condemned to poverty. More than $4 billion annually would be lost from education budgets in sub-Saharan Africa due to the bear upon of the global economic crisis which accounts to around 15% drop in resources for each primary school student.Every 3.6 seconds on e person dies of starvation in Africa. commonly it is a child under the age of 5. Poverty hits children the hardest. While a severe lack of goods and services hurts every human, it is most threatening to childrens rights survival, health and nutrition, education, participation, and security department from harm and exploitation. It creates an environment that is damaging to childrens development in every way mental, physical, emotional and spiritual.More than 1 billion children are deprived of at least one of the essential goods and services they require to survive, grow and develop. They have no admittance to sanitation facilities and not even safe water which causes about 4000 deaths per day. Efforts should be made to provide safe water and helps displaced communities replace or find new water resources and build latrines. There should be awareness and monitoring of the impressions likerisk of abduction, sexual violence and exploitation of children, struggle for shelter, edu cation etc. and tougher laws for child exploiters.Population Explosion is an opposite factor which compels to provide more var. on education in Africa. The underlying cause for prevailing problems such as population increase, poverty and high mortality rates is low or no education for women in Africa. There would be no development advancement unless women received education. In impoverished areas of Africa, it is still a practice to place priority on boys schooling, while girls are expected to help with housework or remoteming. Women who have no or little chance of receiving an education are usually forced to marry at a young age, which often leads to multiple childbirths in uncertain conditions and often end up with no experience of how to save themselves from the risk of infection or HIV. So ultimately it makes more difficult for m another(prenominal)s to give due consideration to the nutrition, health and hygiene of their babies. Family planning to constraint the population effusion and improvement in health systems facilities are needed in those impoverished areas. Educated Women are likely to marry late and have healthy babies. They would be more fruitful to family in financially and health wise.All these disputes emphasize the need to provide look education which will be cost effective and will encompass all masses. work of latest techno lumberical innovations can make this possible. Use of technologies like Distance education and language translation can provide students with education in their language and at their own pace. Making use of Unified bundle engine using Software Stability Model will help in designing and building systems that are stable, scalable and long lasting. Also using these technologies the requirement for large infrastructures is by and large reduced thereby reducing their cost. As imparting education using advanced technologies does not require the presence of instructor on the site, students can utility seamless educati on at their own convenience. This will reduce their dependency on presence of a trained facilitator. Using lifelike and visual tools the quality of education received by these deprived masses can be greatly enhanced. As rapid growth in technological development, more and more tools and innovations can be utilized to improve quality of education distribution.To deal with the challenges faced by students in Africa we need to follow few measures to chastise them which are as follows1. Distance EducationDistance education is a engine room that aims to deliver education to students who are physically not present at the educational site. It helps students to gain access to learning material even if the educator or learning material and the learner are separated by time or distance or both. This technology is being widely used across the world by many universities and educational institutions. It provides students the freedom to study from home and study at their own convenient time.St udies prove that due to prevalent economic crisis in many countries in the African continent there is a substantial decrease in budget devoted to development of educational systems. These countries have to manage their scarce budgets to provide quality education to students. This emphasizes the need to develop educational systems that require less cost to develop and maintain but at the same time do not compromise on the quality of education. Use of technologies like Distance education which require less cost and still provide good quality of education are the key.Distance education technology will help in reaching the deprived students in Africa who either cannot attend schools due to poverty or they are living very far away from school or educational center. Schools that have substantial funds can invest in providing facilities required for distance learning like computers and meshwork connection. Distance education makes use of material reuse and the material can be stored for l ong duration so distance education does not need much infrastructure to maintain and reduce the cost of the whole educational system.Different classes of women who are otherwise deprived of any form of formal education can benefit largely from distance education facilities. Women who are housewives are required to be at home all the time can sit at home and study without causing any disturbance in their marriage and keep on taking care of their children while studying. Another group of women who are denied education because it requires face to face interaction with facilitators will greatly benefit from distance education as they can pursue education by keeping safe distance from the instructors and still access quality education. Women who are uneducated but working to provide for their family can benefit from learning at their own convenience and time. It will increase their self- esteem and also help them to enhance their career through education.This project will provide student s with a website accessing which students can register and create user accounts .They can log in to these accounts and register for courses they are interested in. They can access the material that they require online and also log in to attend online classes provided on the site. The University Of South Africa (UNISA) is one such institution that provides boost to higher education. It is one of the largest institutions in the world that boasts over 120,000 registered students studying for qualifications, through the doctoral level.2. Language TranslationLanguages play an important role in learning process. Many of the African countries that are multilingual are unable to access technology because of the language barrier. The language of propagation of technology is diametric from their native language. Hence they cannot use the services provided by these technologies. Language translation tools are tools that can be used to convert learning materials, documents and also web pages f rom English language into some other language of interest.If the educational and other important study operable on the mesh is not provided in local language then it is of no use of this information. Extensive use of any particular language in importance correspondences like government notices, tenders, and official invitations can cause ignorance about their rights among people. Language here is not only a means of talk but also has social impact.Use of language translation tools to convert learning material into native languages can remove the need for students to study a number of foreign languages. Progress of students will also be faster as the material in their native language will be gentle to understand than any foreign language. Thus poor people who have very less opportunities for gaining education can make most of it. This will fixture up their learning process and increase their chances of availing higher education and consequently earn better living.Uneducated pop ulation of women is one of the causes leading to population explosion in Africa. When a woman is educated she can take care of whole family and herself. Women need to be educated about day-to-day hygiene requirements and health concerns. They should be able to understand the need for proper care of babies which will help decrease infant mortality rate. Education facilities are made available to women in their native languages through use of Language Translation tools. Learning about important issues through their own mother tongue can have lasting effect on these women even if they are not very educated.This project will provide deftness to translate available material in selected languages. Registered users can submit the document that they wish to get translated in any of the language available. They can then access the material in the language they are comfortable with. Among a number of organizations that provide language translation, web-lingo is one such organization based in South Africa. This organization offers both technical foul as well as nontechnical translation solutions to web development and software companies to translate their content into and from about 85 languages. One of their projects includes a program that runs on top of standard Microsoft Office Software.3. Seamless EducationSeamless Education system as one that represents an integrated concept of education that stretches from early childhood through a four-year college degree .It breaks down among high school and college, academics and career/technical education and public education and the workplace. The purpose of seamless education is to prepare capable citizens, whether or not they attend school or college. So teachers align courses and create interdisciplinary projects. It is an effort to increase high school completion rates, test scores, school/college enrollment, job placements, economic conditions, family support.The key to economic development is an educated workforce. I f Africans have to lead a better life they mustiness equip their children and grandchildren with the skills needed to be educated and employed. A seamless system of education will ensure that we have an educated and prepared workforce to overcome all the challenges hindering their growth and development. Education is key to all issues. If our next generation is educated they can be employed and will work at well-paid jobs. If finance is there economic conditions, health conditions, sanitation, poverty all will certainly improve.The major challenge is to make education easily accessible to everyone in the continent. This can be very well accomplished with seamless education system. Teachers from all over world should be invited to map out which concepts should be taught and when will those be taught. The basic classes such as English language arts, mathematics, science and social studies should be must. To start with preschoolers should be encouraged. Women Education should be encou raged. Educational government envision a seamless education system starting with early childhood progressing through general education and training, higher and adult education.Another issue is that a large number of students enroll in fields of commerce and health science. This creates a major imbalance between arts and humanities on one hand and technology and science on the other hand. The output of graduates in fields of science and technology should increase to balance the ratio between technical and university students. It is believed that seamless education will help in improving the balance to a significant extent.Health Conditions can also improve by providing education in fields of medicine. Access to quality medicines are needed to improve health conditions. So access to get quality treatment should be in range of affordability, acceptability and physical availability. Proper training to workforce is needed to coordinate medicines management from doctor level to patient l evel. Unfortunately pharmacists and apothecarys shop support personnel are very few in Africa. Trainings are also provided but at insufficient cuticle. So the fundamental solution to scale up health conditions is to increase number of qualified pharmacists via higher education via seamless education system.Some of the major goals of a Seamless System can be asSmoothing student transitions from one level of learning to the next.Closing the achievement gap between white and minority students.Balancing the ratio of technical and human science students.Strengthening relationships between families and schools.Creating a wider range of learning experiences and opportunities for students in the final twoyears of high school.Improving institutes readiness and success.4. Animations and VisualizationsThe challenge to provide education to students is how to educate them to have a solid impact in their learning. In layman terms, Animations, a type of optical illusion, are graphical displays t hat evolve overtime. It could be drawing, objects, or people in various positions of additive movement. However, when played, it produces a stream of unbroken motion of images. Consisting of a series of drawings or photographs on paper, animation can be viewed with a mechanical device or flipping through hand-held sequence of images. Animations could be seen on films, video, or computers. Visualizations on other hand include static display of graphical images. Visualizations can absorb a lot of information and display in a manner so that it memorizes. Animationhas a place in learning and instructional applications .Programs that use animations or visualizations attract student interest and offer feedback that can enhance different learning styles.Animation is a great classroom activity, allowing teachers and students to explore and develop a more creative time table in Math, Science, English and many topic areas. Being fun, creative and hands-on learning, animation encourages both t eachers and students as they use simple IT practice, and is uniquely suited to all classrooms.The online centers website will be been designed to share examples, resources, ideas and approaches to animation in education. All the animation films featured will be available to students and teachers to enhance the learning process. Animation can used to provide extra help where it is needed. Content related graphics (both static and animation) and video can help improve student attitudes and motivation in certain subjects, in the first place mathematics and science.Technical Feasibility of the project All the above technologies proposed that will be used in the building of the project are available in the market.Labor requirements for the project The project will require Senior level management including Project manager and Professional mental faculty including Software developers and Analysts. Office staff is required to manage the centers.Physical location of the project It will re quire a center where students can visit. The center must be located in Africa.Technology RequirementsComputer Hardware and Software The project will require computer systems with latest configurations and software. A database legion and networking technology to connect client and server machines is required. Also some basic systems that can be used by students to access the material and information is needed.Internet connection High speed internet connection is required.Commercial feasibilityFunds will be acquired from Education committees that work towards development of education in Africa as well as from other developed countries that allot funds in their budgets to help educational systems in Africa.Technical ChallengesSelecting location of the education center in Africa.If no internet facility is available in remote areas, then towers will be needed for providing internet connection.Commercial Potential The investment done in the project will help to provide quality education to students in Africa. Although there will be no tangible profit the return on our investment will be obtained by achieving development of African countries through spread of education