The Growing College Gap

At first glance, Tamara Draut’s article seems to state a fact that most individuals already know: it’s hard to get into college. Looking further into her claim, Draut reveals the struggles that low-income high school students applying to a four-year college or university face. Specifically, the article talks about enrollment gaps between class and race due to financial issues and the increase of high school students applying to colleges and universities across the nation. In addition, Draut begins her article by explaining the different outcomes that occur from specific levels of education.First, she shows the lifetime economic gains that different degree, ranging from high school to PhD, will make. Second, she explains the different â€Å"qualities of life† that each education level will face. Specifically, Draut explains that those who cannot get into a higher education program will not have the opportunity to have a higher paying job. I especially agree with o ne aspect of Draut’s argument in which she states that not enough college worthy students are getting to attend the schools that they want to and should be attending.I agree with another part of Draut’s argument should make all college degree seeking Americans fight against the injustice of government aid programs; providing aid on merit based performance only. This is not to say that I disagree with money being granted to students who study hard and make sacrifices in order to obtain their secondary education, I disagree with more money given to merit based programs instead of students who come from low income backgrounds.Aid programs do not take into consideration that many low income students come from inner cities, where secondary education is at the bottom of hierarchical education scale and these students lack the crucial knowledge that being taught at the more prestige’s high schools of the suburbs where middle and upper class students attend. The later p ortion of Draut’s article talks about the issues that stem from the nation’s lack of financial aid. Since the loan/grant system has deteriorated, the social gap between Caucasian and â€Å"ethnic† students has increased.Over 570,000 students could not go to a public university solely because of financial reasons. This has caused the enrollment in community colleges to increase rapidly- 44% of all undergraduates go to a community college. Also, 40% of young adults surveyed said that they either had to delay their education or go to a less expensive school because of financial issues/student loans. Draut provided an example in her article by putting an image stating â€Å"I sure hope social security is around when I’m 65.I’ll need to finish paying off my college loans†(Draut,383) The struggle to get into and maintain an education at a four-year college or university causes a social-rift among socioeconomic classes instead of solely on race/eth nicity. If low- income students are able to make it through a four-year program at one of the nation’s most prestigious schools, they are more likely, according to statistical data, to have a higher wage premium in comparison to high-income students that graduate from the same academic institution.

Do or die

Good and evil, are two separate things. Good represents virtue, righteousness, and honor where as evil represents hatred, anger, and cruelty. The Crucible shows characters that represent not only goodness, but evil as well. The ones who represent true love and good are John Proctor and Elizabeth Proctor. They both show what goodness is in Salem and who is the real witch or devil.Abigail Williams is a young irl who claims she is cursed by the devil and that people are sending devils to kill one another. Abigail represents evil in Salem in the worst ways possible. In the novel The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller, shows how John Proctor and Elizabeth Proctor are representing the angels that portray love and respect, as Abigail Williams represents the role of the devil's child which portrays hatred. Love comes from deep affection as a mother, sister, or even a child. The two married couple,Elizabeth and John Proctor both represents what real love and goodness is in this book. â€Å"l have no love for Mr. Parris. It is no secret. But God I surely love† (94). In this quote, it shows the honesty John Proctor claims. Everyone in Salem keeps up with rumors and never speaks up the truth. John Proctor does not act as a hypocrite and rather expresses his feeling of honesty towards Mr. Parr's. â€Å"Do what you will. But let none be your Judge. There is no higher Judge under Heaven than Proctor 39).In this quote Elizabeth Proctor explains that although everyone Judge the Proctors, John should know only God is his Judge, and under heaven there is no Judge higher than himself. Although goodness expresses love and care, there is always evil in everyone's life. Hatred expresses extreme aversion or hostility. Abigail Williams is a young girl who claims her and a group of girls have been possessed by witch craft. Abigail shows her affection by accusing innocent civilians in Salem claiming†¦

The study as an Undergraduate Student at Brooks Institute Essay

The study as an Undergraduate Student at Brooks Institute - Essay Example During the three-year journey of professional photography at Brooks Institute, I felt myself to be growing from an amateur photographer who shots everything he sees, to an advertising-oriented photographer who now has a clear focus on still-life and product photography. The credit for this goes to the great instructors at the Brooks Institute. With their guidance, I produced a body of work that can proudly be presented in the graduation review panel. In summer 2014, I was thrilled to get an opportunity of working as an intern with Bill Cahill (a top-class product photographer in Los Angeles, California) to get a hands-on experience in the advertising industry. I was of the view that everything will turn out to be perfectly fine after I graduate in August. At this point, however, I met Norman Maslovs; a successful businessman who represents numerous world’s leading photographers. Norman’s assertion was that photographers, who have a collection of fine-art work, always draw more attention of the art buyers and agencies than the ones who only work in the commercial sector. Norman’s words broadened my vision of the photographic world and I was convinced that a blend of commercial and fine art photography would give me a spark in the industry. I came to the conclusion that fine art together with my commercial photography background would lead me to a better photography career in the long run. Consequently, keeping in view Norman’s advice I decided to pursue my study further to earn a graduate degree in Fine Art related Photography. During my affiliation with the Brooks Institute, I have always been profoundly interested in works of arts that were made by master students of fine arts. I feel that that photograph of a dead chicken lying in a wooden box (The Recipe Can Change, by Hugo Martinez) or a shattered ambrotype of a railway (Disconnected, by Cyndi Di Micco) are both amazing to look at. Having figured out the meaning behind such pieces of arts, my desire to appreciate such artworks has always increased.  

What do you think two essays have in common Assignment

What do you think two essays have in common - Assignment Example Neuroscience, the New Philosophy article engages readers into ascertaining that some people may be convicted of crimes that they neither did not know nor are they knowledgeable of the people who undertook them. The following study evaluates and establishes the similarities between the two articles on neuroscience and its flaws as depicted in John Reid’s interrogation practices. John Reid exposed Parker to a series of questions concerning his wife’s murder case. During the interview, Reid focused on ensuring that Parker conformed to his demands that he was indeed behind his wife’s execution. The study indicates that Parker was honest to explain how he found his wife lying dead on the bed as he went home from his workplace. According to Ramachandran, â€Å"the society abides to the Freudian theory while addressing psychiatry issues and in major cases, people base their arguments on unrealistic judgment†. Through Reid’s determination and confidence that he would eventually incriminate Parker towards his wife’s murder, the controversial article on neuroscience asserts on the societal changes and technological improvements that people use to argue upon the occurrence of something as true while reducing the use of manual judgments. The two articles indicate similarities concerning the function of the human brain, and the assump tions of the society concerning the actions of transmitters and reactors in the brain (39). A sensory machine attached to the suspect indicated that he was giving factual answers concerning his wife’s murder. Despite the honesty, Reid revealed dissatisfaction to the answers and warned Parker that he was lying against telling the truth. According to the Neuroscience, the New Philosophy article, the human mind is vulnerable to temptations and people are capable of agreeing to certain demands whenever they are incapable of finding actual answers concerning the situations in question (34).

Australia Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Australia Study - Essay Example They were a traditional race; caves and rocks were their temporary abode. During the era of pre-European settlement in Australia, according to Crawford (2003 p. 38), they were approximately 500 000 Aboriginals, speaking about 2000-2500 different languages living in groups which had distinct languages and culture, who identified themselves with the language they spoke. When the Indonesians (Macassans) came to the shore of this remote island, the brought with them goods: knives, blades and fishing nets to trade for the local cucumbers and other goods. In this process, the Aboriginal picked up new words from the Indonesians and changes were inflicted on their dialect. (Crawford, 2003 p. 43) On 26th January 1788, England made its first settlement in Australia at Sydney Cove at Port Jackson (Walsh and Yallop, 1993, p. 33); this marked the beginning of a drastic change in linguistic background and the cultural heritage of the indigenous people of the island. According to the authors, it wa s made a high priority matter to establish a channel of communication between the colonizers and the aboriginals and subsequently measures were taken to enhance the linguistic interaction between the two parties. Banting (2002, p. 8-10) states that the impact of British Colonization in the Aboriginal land was colossal, many aboriginals, he says, were killed in the battles defending their land from the British or succumbed to the diseases brought on by the colonizers. He further stated that the natives who survived were taken prisoners and were forced to work for the British. Furthermore, the Tasmanian Aboriginals were completely wiped off the center of the earth by the European settlements. Crawford (2003, p. 43) states that the colonizers settled in the island by introducing a new language and a whole set of new technologies to the local inhabitants, as a result of which the lifestyle as well mindsets were manipulated to suit the requirements of the existing situation. In this way, the rich cultural and spiritual background of the aboriginals received a severe blow and most of their traditions and rituals were eradicated in the process. Moreover, Crawford reveals that during the 1800’s, the Aboriginal children were placed in missionaries where they were only permitted to speak in English as per the British administration policy, which contributed, heavily to the loss of the traditional language. There was a Gold Rush in Australia in 1851 when gold was discovered in the region. Almost 700,000 emigrants from United States, China, England, Poland and parts of Europe flocked the country to find their fortune (Banting, 2002, p. 10). This must have contributed to the establishment of English as the language of expression in Australia since the new emigrants from different outlook would have been in need of a common mode of communication and due to their proficiency in English, the language would have further reinforced its root in the Australian soil in this process. Leitner (2004, p. 54) points out factors that accelerated the destruction of aboriginal habitat. He is of the opinion that intermingling of traditional multilingualism with the ‘intruding languages† was a chief reason of the demise of the ancient culture. Secondly, he

What is superconductivity and what practical applications does it have Essay

What is superconductivity and what practical applications does it have (radiotelescopes, MagLevs, etc) - Essay Example Their application makes use of the properties rendered to them by electric and magnetic reactivity that is exploitable in major engineering projects. As briefly indicated in the applications segment, it is clear that superconductivity phenomenon offers a wide range of application solutions that increase efficiency and safety. According to the Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theory, electron pairing phenomena near the Fermi level then inside Cooper pairs occasions some rare form of interaction that stabilizes the crystal lattice of the material in question (Creswick et al, 1995). The three scientists behind the discovery were led to this discovery by the existence of a band gap on the Fermi level which was then extrapolated to the interpretation of crystal lattice phenomenon. Further research that included the isotope effect was applied in conjunction with the critical temperature observation of a physical state that exhibited superconductor features finally led to the discovery credited to Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer who won the Peace Nobel Prize in 1972 (hyperphysics.edu, n.d). This happens when the material is subjected to the temperatures specification that supports the superconductivity phenomena. Electron pairing of this phenomenon obeys quantum mechanics principles where lattice vibrations cause them to attract each other in what is referred to as phonon interaction. This happens in type I semiconductors that consist of about thirty pure metals of the periodic table. Type I superconductors obey the BSC theory and only experience superconductivity below the critical temperature (Tc). The exact temperature for which each of these superconductor materials exhibit this zero electric resistance phenomenon is referred to as critical temperature (Tc) and it varies from one material to the other. To achieve the critical temperature for any of these materials in order to acquire the near

The Impact Of The Repeal Of Dont Ask Dont Tell Policies On Military Research Paper

The Impact Of The Repeal Of Dont Ask Dont Tell Policies On Military Families - Research Paper Example As the military grapples with the issue of changes in policy, the sociological effects will also be an issue. The nature of the policy, however, has been a failure causing problems within the secrecy that has been created. Change has become necessary in order to facilitate a safer, and more enlightened environment in which the military can move past this issue and make it a non-issue, a standard of acceptance in which sexual orientation is a moot point, but conduct is standard for all personnel who accept that their sexual nature must be kept out of their service. Through aggressively taking down the level of sexual harassment and eliminating sexual displays of dominance, the military can become a more solid and unified organization in which men and women are safe and honorably treated with respect. The following study through secondary research will examine the nature of the ‘don’t ask don’t tell’ policy and the ways in which the repeal is a necessary meas ure. Through understanding the ways in which the sociological nature of the military will undergo changes, this will be related to the ways in which the repeal of the law will impact military families. ... he ‘don’t ask don’t tell policy, creating a background for the controversy and then relating the information to the effect that the repeal of this policy will have on military families. As the issue is intertwined with those who support political factions that support the ‘family values’ platform, the new policies and philosophies that will be included in the sociology of military life will have some form of impact on families within the military. The paper will be structured with a history of the military philosophies on homosexuality and the consequences of those philosophies. The research will reveal the way in which the policy was successful and unsuccessful, thus creating context from which to determine how the repeal of the policy will affect members of the military. Finally, the paper will make a brief exploration of the ways in which homosexual openness has affected family life in the United States, including the effects that other social poli cy changes in regard to homosexuality has effected sociological structures and experiences within society. The paper will conclude with a discussion of all of the elements of the research, providing an in-depth analysis of the topic. The research will be approached through secondary methods of study, the relevant literature searched in order to find contributing information to the topic. The first method of research will be conducted through Google Books, where relevant key words will be put into a the search in order to find relatable information. The nature of the discovered work will be put into context with the reliability of the information. Not all of the information that is used will be from reliable sources as some of the search will entail finding controversial opinions, but those pieces will be

The Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 Reforms to the House of Lords Essay

The Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 Reforms to the House of Lords - Essay Example The act was as result of a reaction to the rivalry between the incumbent government and the House of Lords with regards to the 1909 People’s Budget. The chancellor of the exchequer of the time named David Lloyd George, had proposed the incorporation of a land tax (Dorey and Kelso 119-124). The new tax would have adverse effects on owners of large pieces of lands, majority of who were persons in the conservative opposition. In this regards, the conservatives believed in another alternative source which was to be tariffs on imports as this has much prospects to the British local industries as well. They had leverage in their large majority numbers which they used to vote down the budget. This was even perpetuated further by the veto power they possessed on Public Bills. This challenged the Liberals so much that they prioritized reducing the power of the Lords come the next general elections. After the elections, the Liberals still formed the minority government hence the Lords s ubsequently accepted the People Budget only after the land tax proposal had been dropped (Dorey and Kelso 126). The dispute over the budget however prompted the government to introduce new resolutions which were geared towards limiting the power of the Lords. ... The provisions of the Act abolished any veto powers of the House of Lords to any public bill introduced in the House of Commons. Exception was however granted to Bills which contain any provision to extend the maximum duration of parliament beyond the normal five years or any Bill confirming provisional order (Gordon 14-19). Again, the Bill did not alter any provision to the Bills introduced in the House of Common, as well as Private Bills and delegated legislations (Gordon 19). The Labour government amended the 1911 Act to further reduce the power of the House of Lords. This was prompted by the fears that the radical programme of nationalism which they advocated for, would be delayed by the House of the Lords barring its completion within the life of the parliament (Thompson 191). In 1947, a Bill aimed at reducing the time by which the Lords were bound to delay Bills form three sessions over two years to two sessions over a year, was introduced. After an attempt by the Lords to bloc k the bill, it was reintroduced in 1948 and 1911 as well (Thompson 193). The Bill was finally passed in 1949 with the application the provisions of the 1911 Act. The passing of the 1949 Act into law prompted various controversies. A number of legal personalities raised some doubts as to whether the use of the 1911 Act to pass the1949 Act, which in turn amended the 1911 Act itself was valid (Zander 94). They claimed that, the continued ability of the Lords to veto a bill to prolong the parliament life would not be entrenched if the 1911 Act could be used to amend itself first as this could end up removing this restriction (Hood 42). Also, they argued that the 1949 Act could be considered as a secondary legislation

Report of Risk Management (Case Study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Report of Risk Management (Case Study) - Essay Example The analysis against the metric levels needs to be quantitative based on past experiences (data available), industry experiences (case studies), advice from consultants and internal brainstorming. Every level needs proper justification to a deep level such that serious risks do not remain un-noticed and also meager risks do not get projected to the management as serious simply because they are more talked about in the organization. Risk Management is a very expensive affair for an organization. Hence, special care should be taken that investments should be planned after a thorough analysis of the assets, threats, impacts, and vulnerabilities before a risk tag is assigned. Many organizations get trapped in the sales skills of security product marketing people & Insurance agents such that they end up spending a lot of money in the wrong direction whereby the core issues remain untouched. Such problems arise due to lack of a systematic and effective Risk Management System. In this paper a systematic Risk Management procedure is being presented in detail and applied to the case study. The workflow of risk management has been arrived at after a study of multiple risk management approaches viz., safety & health risk management, asset risk management and information risk management (OHSAS 18001, ISO 27005, safety engineering and National Institute of Standards and Technology). In this approach, the asset values have been calculated based on Cost (C), Integrity (I) and Availability (A). The parameter â€Å"confidentiality† in NIST recommendation has been replaced by Cost because most of the assets (except computers) listed in the case study are physical & environment related assets and moreover cost-effectiveness of the Risk Management is expected as a key result area herewith in this case study. The role carrying out such a major assessment for the company and having a budgetary estimate of $700,000 is actually a junior resource. Hence, every proposal presented for the

Reflective Journal Essay Example for Free

Reflective Journal Essay In our daily lives, we usually encounter statistics and deals with its essential terms. It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, and analysis of numerical data and with such problems as experiment design and decision making. A step by step approach with the aim to equip every student with its vital information that is needed to extend throughout the academic days with no limitation and the range should be meet in order to steadfast one’s knowledge on measurement matter, that soon will evolve to new a serious way of solving a certain problem on collecting such data and interpreting above information. Throughout this course we can distinguish descriptive statistics from an inferential statistics. We are also knowledgeable about the sources of data which is relevant in collecting and interpreting information. This program of study established an accuracy, critical thinking as well as an analysis in every student which undergo this subject, it also provide profound discipline in the basis of what we have gather should be true according from the test and observation, letting students to learn and make a hypothesis within certain problem. Bridging one idea to a new state of portion in the aim to make sense and find critical value which is vital in the study of measurement and probability. Formula serves as a guide for every learner who is in the middle of their state of mind. It has big impart in getting the summation and deviation which is require in continuing standards that is indeed needed in this course, it also brings the learner to a religious flow of a formula which is must be done in accordance with its rule. Terms or Terminology take place to instruct its meaning with its valuable method, a method that should be follows according to what explanation being expressed in a sentence or by words in order to get exact value which is unknown. Biostatistics plays an important role for every company, advertisement, education, sciences, astronomy and in the field of medicine but also for every individual who continue to contend statistics with its meaningful idea that we can assert to a decision making. Thus, statistic develop individual by its words, formula and discipline which is one of its vital role in order to be a success man. This is not easy to deal with but if you focus and believe there will be a confidence to have a good and vital relationship with this subject STATISTICS.

Graphene Oxide (GO) as Antimicrobial Property

Graphene Oxide (GO) as Antimicrobial Property Over the past several years scientists have studied graphene materials (graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide) for its antimicrobial properties and its future application in the biomedical field. To date, the exact mechanism for why graphene and its derivatives have antibacterial properties has not been fully understood due to experimental design variables. Scientists have agreed that oxidative stress, phospholipid extraction, and nanoknives all play an important role in the antibacterial properties of graphene materials. There are several techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy that have been used to monitor change in morphology and cell death after exposure to graphene and its derivatives. Through these techniques scientist have been able to confirm that graphene materials are able to promote cellular death in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, leading to its promising future also in pharma ceuticals. Graphene is a two-dimensional hexagonal structure, consisting of a basal plane (along the surface) and lateral edges, that are made up of sp2 hybridized carbons which form a conjugated à Ã¢â€š ¬ system. This à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugated system makes graphene very hydrophobic and able to interact with the hydrophobic cell membranes of bacteria. Graphene oxide (GO) is most commonly prepared using the Hummers method, which consists of a multi-step synthesis. First the graphite material is oxidized to form graphite oxide and then this is exfoliated via sonication to form a single layer of material called GO. Through the oxidation process oxygenated functional groups are introduced into the basal surfaces and lateral edges of GO. On the basal surface of GO, the functional groups of epoxides and hydroxyl groups are present, whereas, the larger groups such as carboxyl and carbonyl groups form along the lateral edges. It is important to note that with the introduction of the oxygenat ed functional groups, the basal plane and lateral edges will need to adopt sp3 hybridized carbons, which results in the formation of defect regions where the à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugated system is broken. The presence of these defects will be explored in more detail below as these areas are critical in the antibacterial properties of GO. In the literature, GO and other graphene materials have demonstrated through both physical and chemical mechanisms they have the ability to reduce bacterial cell count of both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria1. Several pivotal studies have been conducted in order to determine the key mechanism behind the antibacterial properties of GO. Nada et.al studied the antibacterial mechanisms using Raman spectroscopy2, Zhang et.al studied the antibacterial activity using mass spectroscopy3, and Yusong et.al examined the effects of extraction of phospholipids from E-coli by graphene nanosheets4.These studies have led to the development of several mechanisms including the cutting of the membrane wall by the sharp edges of the defect sites (nanoknives), phospholipid extraction and oxidative stress. The various experiments to date regardless of experimental design demonstrated that it is not a single mechanism that is responsible for the antibacterial properties of GO but rather a combinat ion of several mechanisms that can contribute to the overall antibacterial properties. Ultimately, it is the breakdown in the cell membrane that causes intracellular leakage of vital proteins, nucleic acids, and cytoplasmic material that results in the loss of reproduction and cell death. The cutting mechanism also referred to in the literature as nanoknives is one of the most important mechanisms that lead to the antibacterial properties of GO. The sharp lateral edges of GO are able to penetrate into the cell membranes inner and outer layer. This leads to the loss of cell membrane integrity and leakage of intracellular materials such as the cytoplasm, nucleic acids, proteins and amino acids. Nada et al used a variety of techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the cellular changes (deformation or loss of cell membrane integrity) of bacteria, such as E Coli when exposed to varying concentrations of GO material. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine how E.coli reacts to an increasing concentration of GO. From the research done by Nada and team the bands with the greatest change were those of adenine (a nucleic acid) (729cm-1), the S-S stretching vibrations (490cm-1) of the disulphide bonds (found on the surface of the cell) and the amide group (found in proteins) bending vibration at 610cm-1.2 The intensity of each of these bands increased with the increase in GO concentration. This positively confirms that GO had penetrated into the cell membrane, causing the loss integrity and allowing the intracellular material such as adenine and other proteins to leak from the cell. Once this material was leaked from the cell, its vib rational absorption increase the signal in the Raman spectrum intensified. The examined the effects of GO on E. coli using SEM was used to observe the morphological changes in cells after exposure to GO. Figure 1 below, shows the morphological effects on E. coli with increasing GO concentration2. Image A represents the control of E. coli cells. In image B, E. coli was treated with low concentration of GO causing morphological changes seen by the distortion (flattening or squishing) of the rod shape. As the concentration of the GO treatment increases the sharp edges of the GO material are able to penetrate into the cell membrane (as seen in the red arrow in image c) and lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity resulting in the leakage of the intracellular material. 2 This effect was not isolated to only gram-negative bacteria but also gram-positive bacteria as well, in which the thickness of the cell membrane is different however similar results were observed. Therefore, the thickne ss of the cell membrane does not play a critical role in the nano-knife cutting mechanism as GO was able to penetrate both the inner and outer cell membrane walls. The size of the GO also plays a key role in the cutting ability of GO due to the changes in the basal plane and lateral edges. A study lead by Perreault examined how altering the size of GO changed the cell viability of E. coli. GO sheets were altered by varying the sonication time and power in order to obtain GO sizes ranging from 0.65  µm2 down to 0.01  µm2.5 Using live/dead fluorescence staining it was determined that there was no change in cell viability (%living) when the bacteria was not in contact with GO as shown in the control of figure 2.5 The green dots represents the number of colony forming units (CFU) alive and the red dots are dead CFUs. The smaller sheet size of 0.01  µm2 has significantly lower cell viability (30%) when compared to the 0.65  µm2 sheet (73%).5 This phenomenon is explained by the fact that as the size of the GO material is decreased the amount of defects in the sp2 hybridized carbons of the basal plane and edges increases. T he defects are caused by either the addition of oxygen groups or shrinkage in size that destroys a portion of the basal plane. This effect creates additional sharp edges in both the lateral edges and basal plane leading to more nanoknives that are capable of cutting through the cell membrane. This allows for increase areas of interaction with the bacterial. This was also confirmed using SEM where larger sheet sizes (0.65 µm2) showed very little deformation and almost normal cell structure whereas smaller sheets (0.01  µm2) appeared to be flattened and deformed leading to a compromised cell structure5. It is interesting to note that the amount of surface defects also plays a critical role in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that will create oxidative stress to the cell membrane and additional loss of membrane integrity. Therefore, it is impossible to determine if only the physiochemical mechanism of cutting is the single mechanism that impacts cell viabili ty or multiple mechanisms do. In reality, with smaller GO size the loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage can be attributed to both the nano-knife effect and oxidative stress due to the increase in defects. This mechanism also has been shown to work in combination with other mechanisms such phospholipid extraction in which after cutting into the cell membrane the phospholipids are better able to be extracted by GO. This effect is due to hydrophobic attraction between the phospholipid tails and the à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugated sp2 carbons of the basal plane. This will be discussed in further details in the later sections. GO is highly hydrophobic due to the à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugation of the basal surface which allows it to interact with the phospholipid layer of the bacterial cell membrane. The oxygenated groups on GO provides a hydrophilic portion of the compound that is able to interact with the polar heads of the phospholipids. Yusong et al performed a detailed experiment on this and showed that extraction of the phospholipid molecules via hydrophobic interactions causes cell membrane deformation and collapse.5 There are two main mechanisms for the extraction of the phospholipids depending on the size of the GO material. With larger GO materials, the nanosheet will lie along the cell membrane causing a disruption of the phospholipid membrane; allow the GO material to embed itself into the lipophilic portions of the membrane1. For smaller GO materials, the sheet will lie perpendicular to the membrane and penetrate through the cell membrane (either partially or completely) via the nano-knife mechanism. This further supports the theory that it is not a single mechanism that allows for the antibacterial properties but a combination of several. The extraction of phospholipids occurs in several steps (see Figure 3). The first step involves a slight shifting of phospholipids due to the docking of the GO nanosheet as described by Yuesong (Image a).4 Next the phospholipid head will begin to break through the cell membrane and climb up the GO sheet (image b). This climbing effect is observed as result of the strong attractive forces between the hydrophobic regions of the basal plane and the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids. This extraction process will continue until the GO material is covered completely with phospholipids with several layers of phospholipids climbing at the same time (image d). The phospholipids will evenly spread over the surface in such a way that the hydrophobic tails will align with the hydrophobic regions of the basal surface and the polar heads will align with the oxygenated functional groups of GO (images e and f).4 The loss of the phospholipids from the cell membrane causes a loss in membrane dens ity which weakens the cell membrane. Due to the loss of density and the penetration of the GO into the cell, cell membrane integrity is lost resulting in the leakage intracellular fluids. This effect can be seen with the aid of TEM as morphological changes are easily identified using this method of analysis (see figure 4)4. Image A represents the initial state in which no morphological changes have occurred when E-coli was treated with GO.4 Over time as the phospholipid extraction occurs, the cell membrane density will decrease as shown in images b and c seen by the Type B arrows. The last step in the process is when cell integrity is lost and the intracellular material begins to leak. This effect is also observed in the images d-f where the cells are transparent due to loss of the cytoplasm4. This confirms that the phospholipid extraction occurs with the aid of the nanoknives leading to loss in cell viability. Another group of scientist lead by Zhangs used mass spectroscopy to map the metabolites of E-coli before and after exposure to GO.3 A typical mass spectrum of E-coli without GO treatment is shown Figure 5a. The most important peaks are at m/z 306 which corresponds to glutathione (GHS), which is an antioxidant commonly found in E. coli, and the membrane phospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), at approximately m/z 600-8003. As the concentration of GO increased the overall intensities of the GSH, PE and PG all decreased (see fig 5b). This aligns with the previous studies of Yusong in which the extraction of the phospholipids leads to a decrease in cell membrane density. This was clearly observed by the decrease in signal intensities of both PE and PG. In the mass spec results obtain by Zhangs team there was also a decrease in GSH intensity. GSH is a critical antioxidant found in E. coli and will act as a scavenger for any free oxygen radicals that may be present in the bacterias environment. GSH prevents the oxidative breakdown of the phospholipid membrane that can also lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage. This finding confirms the previous hypothesis that there are many mechanisms running in parallel that ultimately attribute to the overall antibacterial properties of GO. In this very example, the nano-knives are able to cut into the phospholipid membrane and start the chain reaction of phospholipid extraction. This extraction causes a decrease in phospholipid density which in parallel with the cutting of the membrane by the nanoknives and oxidative stress leads to a loss in cell membrane integrity. This loss in cell membrane integrity leads to a loss of intracellular material such cytoplasmic mate rial, nucleic acids and proteins.. As demonstrated by the mass spectrum results obtained by Zhang et al, oxidative stress occurs when there is a decrease in antioxidant concentration (such as GSH)3. The consumption of GSH occurs in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are typically composed of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions (O2*), hydroxyl radical (OH*) or singlet molecular oxygen species(1O2)1. When the antioxidants (such as GSH) are depleted the ROS compounds will then cause oxidation of key lipids in the cell membrane, proteins or even nucleic acids. The formation of the ROS compounds occurs due to the very nature of GO. When graphite is oxidized to form graphite oxide, the basal plane obtains additional defects as the result of the loss of à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugation. This loss of à Ã¢â€š ¬-conjugation occurs due to the introduction of the oxygenated functional groups such as epoxides and hydroxyl groups which creates sp3 hybridized carbons. The introduction of the sp3 carbons alters the planer geometry of the basal plane by introducing tetrahedral carbons, creating defects in the lateral edges and basal plane. Additional defects can also be introduced as mentioned in the previous section when the size of the GO material is decreased. As the size of the sheets decreases the ability of the GO to stay as a perfect hexagonal structure also diminishes as the structure gets distorted to accommodate the smaller size. The process of oxidative stress begins with the formation of ROS compounds. Oxygen is absorbed to the surface of the basal plane or lateral edges at the defects sites to form surface oxides. These surface oxides release ROS species in the presence of antioxidants as a result of a redox reaction. In the presence of GSH (an antioxidant found in E. coli), the surface oxides found on GO are reduced by an electron transfer from GSH. Another GSH molecule will then donate a proton to the ROS species, causing its reduction and subsequent release of a water molecule.5 The deprotonated GSH molecule will then react with another GSH molecule to form glutathione disulphide. If GSH is not available, the ROS species will then oxidize the lipids in the cell membrane to form as a lipid peroxide radical causing oxidative stress to the cell membrane. This oxidative stress will continue down the cell membrane until the lipid peroxide radical encounters an antioxidant bound to the cell membrane such as V itamin E. It is important to keep in mind that with an increased amount of free oxygen radicals the extent of oxidative stress increases and the overall cell integrity decreases. As mentioned earlier, the size and shape of the GO plays a key role in determine the extent of the oxidative stress. As the size of the GO material decreases from 0.065 to 0.01 µm2 the amount of surface defects increases. Again this is due to the loss of the conjugation and destruction of the basal plane. With the smaller GO material the presence of additional defects allows for the formation of many more surface oxides that can later be reduced to form ROS compounds. These ROS compounds then will continue to deplete the antioxidants and lead to further lipid peroxidation. This effect will continue until enough oxidative stress exists to cause the membrane to collapse and bacterial death to occur. Perreault and team demonstrated this effect when they examined through Raman spectroscopy and cell viability testing that the size of the GO material plays a critical role in the ability of the material to induce oxidative stress. Figure 6 shows that as the size of the sheet decreases, the amount of disorder due to the defects (D band) increases. Therefore there is a direct correlation to number of defects and the ability of GO to form ROS species that interact with GSH. This is further confirmed with the graph in figure 6a which shows the %loss of GSH decreases with the increase in GO size. Therefore it not only the nanoknives that that are influenced by the size of GO but also oxidative stress due to the adsorbed oxygen and ROS formation. As demonstrated through the various studies conducted by Nada et al, Zhang et.al, and Yusong et al the key antibacterial mechanisms of GO are cutting via nanoknives, phospholipid extraction and oxidative stress that contribute to the overall antibacterial properties of GO. The research to date indicates it is not a single mechanism that creates the antibacterial properties of GO but a combination of all factors. How much antibacterial is dependent on the physical size of GO plays and the number of defects in the basal surface and lateral edges. As the size of GO decreases a larger degree of surface defects forms. These defects play two important roles in the antimicrobial properties of GO. First, an increase in surface defects creates an increase in the number of sharp edges that causes a loss of cellular membrane integrity. Directly, the cell membrane is compromised by the penetration of the nano-knives resulting in intracellular leakage of the cytoplasm, amino acids, proteins and n ucleic acids, Indirectly, once the nano-knives cut into the cell membrane it becomes embedded through attractive force between the hydrophobic tails of the cell membranes phospholipids and basal plane promotes phospholipid extraction. This extraction causes a decrease in cell membrane density which further breaks down the membrane causing additional intracellular leakage of key nucleic acids, cytoplasm and proteins. Lastly, the increase in surface defects of the basal plane increases the presence of reactive oxygen species. These species will react with any antioxidant present in the bacterial cell depleting their levels. Once depleted or reduced, the ROS will cause oxidation of the cell membrane lipids leading to a chain reaction of oxidative stress through the cell membrane. This also will lead to a loss of cell membrane integrity and intracellular leakage of key proteins and nucleic acids responsible for cell growth and replication. Without this material the bacteria cell will di e leading to the antibacterial properties observed in GO. With the development of drug resistant bacteria, new and inventive ways to treat bacterial infections need to be explored. GO with its unique chemical and physical properties show much promise as the next antibacterial treatment. Additional studies need to be conducted to determine the cytotoxicity of GO in animals and humans in order to development new treatment therapies. Zou,X.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Z., Luo, Y. Mechanisms of the Antimicrobial Activities of Graphene Materials. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 2064-2077 Nada, S.S; Yi, D.K; Kim, K. Study of antibacterial mechanisms of graphene oxide using Raman spectroscopy. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28443; doi: 10.103,srep28443 Zhang, N.; Hou, j.; Chen, S.; Xiong, C.; Liu, H.; Jin, Y.; Wang, J.; He, Q.; Zhao, R.; Nie, Z.. Rapidly probing antibacterial activity of Graphene oxide by Mass Spectrometry-based metabolite fingerprinting Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 28045; doi: 10.1038,srep28085 Yusong, T.; Lv, M.; Xiu; Huynh, T.; Zhang, M.; Castelli, M.; Liu, Z.; Huang, Q.; Fan, C.; Fang, H.; Zhou, R. Destructive extraction of phospholipids from Escherichia coli membranes by graphene nanosheets. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2013, 8, 594-601, doi:10.1038/nnano.2013.125 Perreault, F.; Fonseca de Faria, A.; Nejati, S.; Elimelech, M. Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: Why Size Matters. ACS Nano. 2015, 7, 7226-7236

meat packing industry Essays -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rights and responsibilities in the meatpacking industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early twentieth century, at the height of the progressive movement, â€Å"Muckrakers† had uncovered many scandals and wrong doings in America, but none as big the scandals of Americas meatpacking industry. Rights and responsibilities were blatantly ignored by the industry in an attempt to turn out as much profit as possible. The meat packers did not care if poor working conditions led to sickness and death. They also did not care if the spoiled meat they sold was killing people. The following paper will discuss the many ways that rights and responsibilities were not being fulfilled by the meat packing industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the turn of the twentieth century â€Å"Muckraking† had become a very popular practice. This was where â€Å"muckrakers† would bring major problems to the publics attention. One of the most powerful pieces done by a muckraker was the book â€Å"The Jungle†, by Upton Sinclair. The book was written to show the horrible working and living conditions in the packing towns of Chicago, but what caused a major controversy was the filth that was going into Americas meat. As Sinclair later said in an interview about the book â€Å"I aimed at the publics heart and by accident hit them in the stomach.†# The meat packing industry took no responsibility for producing safe and sanitary meat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One reason for this problem was that there was no real inspection of the meat. A quote from â€Å"The Jungle† tells of a government inspector checking the hogs for Tuberculosis, â€Å"This government inspector did not have a manner of a man who was worked to death; he was apparently not haunted by a fear that the hog might get by before he had finished his testing. If you were a sociable person, he was quite willing to enter into conversation with you and to explain the deadly nature of the ptomaines which are found in tubercular pork; and while he was talking with you you could hardly be so ungrateful to notice that a dozen carcasses were passing him untouched.†# This obviously led to tubercular meat being processed in the packing house. Another problem was the incredible lack of sanitation and the use of spoiled meat, another quote from â€Å"The Jungle† tells of how dirty it was in these plants â€Å"There would be meat stored in gre... ... government inspection of meat products. The Pure Food and Drug act also passed after the Meat inspection Act of 1906. The packers denied the charges and opposed the bills to no avail. These bills protected the publics right to safe sanitary meat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion it is obvious to see that rights and responsibilities were not carried out by the meatpacking industry. They were greed driven business men who â€Å"poisoned for profit† as president Roosevelt said. The meatpackers had a right to make their product but did not take the responsibility to do it in a manner that was safe to the consumer. Thanks to people like Upton Sinclair and Theodore Roosevelt, the meat industry today takes the responsibility to make a safe quality product of the public. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Corey, Lewis, Meat and Men: A study of Monopoly, Unionism and Food Policy (New York: The Viking Press, 1985). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle, (New York: Bantam Books,1906). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, Williams, eds., America Past and Present Volume II: since 1865 sixth edition (New York: Longman 2002).

Hannibal :: essays research papers

Hannibal: Smokin' Is Voluntary/Two Parties My ASS!/Other Random Stuff **Disclaimer: The hate on this page is omni-directional, and you will most likely be offended. I usually update and add to the content when I'm pissed, so don't get your fucking panties in a bunch if you hear something that you disagree with or is insulting. And if you do, you fuckin' suck cocks and should never use the internet, which is filled with free speech and opposing opinions. Fuck off asshole.** Goddamn, if I hear or see another add, public service anouncement, or other jerk off on TV telling me how legal, private, cigarette companies are responsible for people starting and continuing to smoke, I'm going to load my rifle, sit in front of a mirror, and see what it would look like to paint a room with my brains!!! Smoking is fucking voluntary! If you think it's wrong, if you think it shortens your lifespan, or has any other effect other than the ones that we already know fuck you up, don't do it!!!! Son of a bitch, don't scapegoat a seller/producer of a legal and overly regulated product if you can't get it through your skull that inhaling any kind of smoke will destroy lung tissue! Take some fucking responsibility and/or accountability you bleeding heart burnouts!!! Message To Gore...To Bush: Fuck off! You both suck, you dishonor the memory of the revolutionaries who took up the gun to assure that the soil we stand on would be free. C'mon Gore!!! Not fundraising? Geez, you have to be a lobotomized mental patient/a hardcore Democrat to actually believe that! Maybe if you took long hard look at what the teacher's unions are doing to the youth of America by controling you (i.e., making it so that public schools maintain a virtual monopoly on education and therefore removing any need to compete and improve in-class conditions) or how you betrayed everyone who voted you into the senate (since you sold out to Clinton when you were an upstanding Tennessee man who voted to get the government off our asses when it came to gun control), you'd do the world a favor by killing yourself. O Bushy Boy... Ah, you disgrace the history of the Republican party...You trivialize everything that the Republican party used to stand for (less government, control of your own money, instilling moral/ethical values)...You're the lesser of two evils and most American will choose you...but the CIA chose the lesser of two evils years ago in the Middle East, decided to fund him, train him,

Black Consciousness in the Twentieth Century Essay

Ralph Ellison began his 1952 novel with the sentence; â€Å"I am an invisible man.† (Ellison 3) These five words summed up the way in which the majority of Black Americans felt about their place in society at the time. The Civil Rights Movement was still years away, and the caste of American society had placed the Black American near the bottom. The book is in the first person narrative, narrated by a man who considers himself by society’s view point to be invisible because of his race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The self-awareness of the Black American was limited to only what the white establishment would allow – and in the majority of the country, that was very little. However, the essence for the change that would occur had already been born. The awakening, in the late 1950s, of the Black American would take place in religion, politics, self-awareness and literature. This would become exemplified by the manner in which women in the black communities were treated. The rise of domestic violence was an issue, even in 1950s America – and in both the homes of blacks and whites.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There would be, though, differences in which this awakening would manifest itself. For some, like those who would march with Martin Luther King, non-violence and pacifism would be the dominate tool to their awakening. For others, the awakening would come in the form of a religious rebirth, and strong assertion of their place in society. There was a responsibility being neglected in the role of the black male to uphold his place of caregiver to his wife and family – as well as to the community as a whole. This was an important issue to realize, as the teachings of Islam would tell. â€Å"The white man wants black men to stay immoral, unclean, an ignorant†. (223). During the course of the novel the protagonists lists ways in which he has become invisible and the reaction he stirs within society because of his ‘blackness’, and as Ellis illustrates in the prologue of the book, â€Å"I live rent-free in a building rented strictly to whites, in a section of the basement that was shut off and forgotten during the nineteenth century.† (Ellis prologue).   The narrator goes on to state that light is a necessity for him since light to him is equivalent to truth (much as it was in Plato’s cave – so here the reader gains a sense of philosophy and of intelligence from the narrator). Throughout the course of the events that aid in defining the narrator the major first event occurs on his college’s campus.   The epiphany that the invisible man has during this time is that a black man whom he had once aspired to be like (i.e. to leave a legacy for his college) is not at all worthy of his aspiration but instead is merely a black man who has disguised himself enough to be able to ‘survive’ in the white dominated society.   Thus, the invisible man has his first exposure to mis-identities and the almost innate need that black men feel they have to become someone else in order to be a part of white society. In another act of deception in the book, the narrator (after a boiler room ‘accident’) is hospitalized; during a state of consciousness he discovers that he has been experimented upon with shock treatment without his knowledge.   This is a severe breach of his constitutional rights as well as his humanity.   Thus, the narrator finds out that he is not considered to be human, or even subhuman but rather a thing, an object, a less than real entity whose presence is a constant element of scorn and fear to the white race (at least through each of the experiences the invisible man has had with white people). Thus, not only is he destroyed through the perception of white people but through his own culture and race as Dr. Bledsoe has given the invisible man letters of recommendation whose intent was merely to waylay the invisible man from coming back to college and to not (as the invisible man had thought was their intention) to get him a job.   Therefore the invisible man is hoodwinked by a person whom he thought he could trust and this leads him to further epiphanies of himself and his race and either’s misconception. The novel is truly about self-awareness through objective perception.   Although the narrator finds brief solace with the Brotherhood and brother Jack (a black organization seeking to unite the black community in New York), this soon turns into another form of hate through jealousy.   The narrator’s position is replaced and he travels outside of Harlem only to return and find his friend dead.   Despite efforts to try and unite the Brotherhood again, the narrator is soon forced to recognized his grandfather’s maxim, â€Å"over come ’em with yeses, undermine ’em with grins, agree ’em to death and destruction. . .† (Ellis). The novel is about a man whose invisibility is plagues by mis-identity, and whose overall undertones of outside prejudices define his life as well as his identity up to a point.   The ‘yes man’ that his grandfather advised him to do was a type of camouflage technique in which a man can exist wholly without being noticed by being, in essence, no one at all – by becoming invisible in order to survive.   The sacrifice that the invisible man does is to waylay his hopes and dreams in order to be nothing so that he may survive, not be gunned down by either Brother Jack or by the police.   In essence Ellis’ book contributed greatly to the recognition of the black consciousness and the state of the Civil Rights movement in order for blacks to not be invisible in order to exist. WORKS CITED Ellison, Ralph. The Invisible Man. Random House Inc. New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1952. Gates, Henry Louis. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York: Oxford UP, 1988. Klein, Marcus. After Alienation: American Novels in Mid-Century. New York: World, 1964. McSweeney, Kerry. Invisible Man: Race and Identity. Boston: Twayne, 1988.

Natural Hair and the Lack of Hair Care Essay

Natural hair has become very popular among African American women, myself included, within the last ten years. Finding the hair care products needed is almost impossible. There are no commercials on main stream TV or advertisements in magazines. If you want to know anything about what products are available, the internet is your best bet. With the help of Natural Hair bloggers and the YouTube vloggers, who created their channels to share information, women with natural hair have been able to get the necessary information on what products are available to them for use. Bloggers and vloggers receive products from different companies, review them, and then share their experiences with others in the natural hair community. These smaller companies assist the bloggers and vloggers in hopes they provide an exceptional review of their product, which in turn, leads to reaching the customers of their target market. Eventually the larger companies soon saw this as a way to introduce their produ cts as well and followed suit. Pros of the Issue The internet and social media have opened promotional doors for small companies such as Sundial’s Shea Moisture Hair Care Line and Mixed Chicks. These are just two companies who have a market niche in natural hair care products. By sending samples to bloggers and vloggers, customers with natural hair started to inquire about their products at the local retail stores. Not long after, initially we began to see print ads in magazines targeting African American women, like Essence, Ebony and Jet. As the market started to grow ads began appearing in more mainstream magazines like Woman’s Day, Allure, and eventually mainstream television. Commercials began to air on stations like BET, TV One and Centric, which are geared to the African American community. A major promotional boost for these small companies came in 2010 and again in 2011as one of the largest retail chains in the country, Target, invited companies that were selling merchandise on line to come and provide a presentation on their products, with the possibly of being picked up for sale in Target stores. Target decided to showcase six natural hair care brands, placing them in prominent spots on the aisle and away from other ethnic hair products to allow them to stand out (http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/article/2013-06-20/startups-target). With the success natural hair care product companies were having, larger companies like L’Orà ©al and Procter & Gamble, who ruled the $7 billion U.S. hair care market, decided to join the curl trend. Because they’ve cultivated a shared sense of identity with their customers, the smaller owned companies continue to dominate (http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/article/2013-06-20/startups-target). Cons of the Issue When the major hair care companies realized that natural hair for African American women was here to stay they wanted a piece of the action and jumped into the natural hair care market. With more money and larger advertising departments, the larger companies were able to hire advertising firms to produce top notch commercials and print ads to for the market. Their ads were seen on main stream television and in more main stream magazines when compared to the smaller mostly black owned companies. As these smaller companies continue to grow, hopefully so will their promotional dollars. There is a need for more commercials that will be seen by the masses. My Position on the Issue Being of African American decent, and also wearing my hair natural, I remember at the start of my journey the problem of not being able to find products or should I say, the right products to care for my hair. This took me to the internet and YouTube where there are lots of people promoting  products for natural hair care. Products are being used and reviewed for both the smaller companies and some of the larger ones. I would love to see more promotion from both sizes of companies on main stream basic television. As the natural hair community continues to grow, the need for products will also grow. By not advertising across all spectrums of ad media, companies are missing a whole target market. I purchase most of the things I do, because I either have seen a commercial or by word of mouth. Perreault, Cannon & McCarthy (2010) tell us that â€Å"Promotion is communicating information between the seller and potential buyer or others in the channel to influence attitudes and behavior.† References Dwoskin, E. (2013, June 20). Yale and Evin Bloomberg | Violin | Home. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/article/2013-06-20/startups-target Perreault, Jr., W. D., Cannon, J. P., & McCarthy, E. J. (2010). Promotion-Introduction to Integrated Marketing Communications. In Essentials of Marketing (12th ed., p. 322). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Science Limitations

Science is a great way to learn and understand how our universe works. Once we learn science, we're opened many new doors and can even learn how to manipulate our very own universe. Throughout the course of human events, science has helped mankind overcome a wide range of issues. However, science is a double-edged sword and has also brought many new issues.It is important to place limitations on science and research in order to prevent or abate anything that can go wrong during the ursuit of knowledge. The pursuit of knowledge can often blind one of potential problems that can arise during or after an experiment. â€Å"l collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet. † (Shelly 285) In Frankenstein, we can see that Victor becomes very elated to what he might infuse to his creation.However, he does not consider what might potentially go horribly wrong during this process. He doesn't think anything ca n fail because the power to create something has shrouded his Judgment. It is for this very same reason why we have many energy and environment crises in our world today. Many scientists wish to help a company, themselves, or humanity and are engulfed by the end result that they become ignorant to any possible unwanted byproducts or results. Jeremy Rifkin also elaborates on the ignorance caused by the pursuit of knowledge in Biotech Century. Fears over the possibility of transgenic genes Jumping to wild weedy relatives heightened in 1996 when a Danish research team observed the transfer of such a gene – something critics of deliberate-release experiments have arned of for years and biotech companies have dismissed as a remote or nonexistent possibility. † (Rifkin 31 5) Rifkin explains that the transfer of genes from altered crops to weedy relatives could create super weeds that are resilient to herbicide, pests, and viruses. These super weeds would cause farmers to spra y even more herbicide on them.Naturally, this would affect our food supplies because we would be spraying so many harmful chemicals to the soil and to the food that eventually ends up at our dinner table. The companies and scientists seeking either onetary gain or any form of knowledge, deny any possibility of any deviations from their plans. Seeking to create plants that are resilient is a noble cause; however, ignoring the proven fact that it can also destroy the environment through the unintentional genesis of super weeds is another example of shrouded Judgment.The examples on ignorance, instigated by the pursuit of happiness, which Shelly and Rifkin elaborate upon, are clear reasons why there should be limitations imposed on scientists. Shelly also demonstrates how scientists meddle with nature and attempt to usurp nature's role. l pursued nature to her hiding-places. † (Shelly 286) Victor was obsessed with the idea of having the power to create life. â€Å"†¦ listen ing attentively, demoniacal corpse to which I had so miserably given life. † (Shelly 289) Up until then, Victor was drunk with the idea that he was going to create the perfect specimen and the next evolution of man.Once Frankenstein was born, Victor was horrified that his plan to usurp nature had backfired. He realized Frankenstein was a â€Å"demoniacal corpse† and not human. This wasn't a simple experiment where you could redo an experiment many times for a favorable result. Victor had created a monstrous living creature. He had introduced the living creature to an exotic environment, physically superior to others, intimidating in appearance, and predestined to be persecuted in a world where he had no idea why he was there.Rifkin also gives insight to the topic of scientist's endeavor to usurp nature's role. â€Å"In Just the past 18 months, genetically engineered corn, soy and cotton have been planted over millions of acres of U. S. farmland. Genetically engineered insects, fish and domesticated animals have also been introduced†¦ † (Rifkin 313) Companies are ntroducing thousands of new living specimens into real environments without a single thought of the real problems that could come out of these actions.Just like Victor, theyre caught up in the moment of having the power to create new life that has never even existed in nature prior to scientific advancements that allowed it. Consequentially, these new genetically engineered specimens can have disastrous effects on exotic environments that aren't used to having them. They're the modern Frankensteins. Rifkin appeals to the reader's ethos by saying that, similar to Frankenstein, these enetically engineered creations are the works of man and are potential threats to any ecosystem they enter. â€Å"Genetically engineered products also reproduce. They grow and they migrate. (Rifkin 313) This means that the genetically engineered products of a lab can freely migrate themselves to any part of the world they can tolerate.Everyone is aware of the destruction brought by introducing exotic animals/ plants to ecosystems that are in harmony. Scientists are playing â€Å"ecological roulette† when they release these engineered creations because even if they were to admit or ind out that their creations had devastating effects, they would be unable â€Å"recall genetically engineered organisms back to the laboratory, especially those organisms that are microscopic in nature. (Rifkin 313) Rifkin and Shelly both make outstanding arguments on why there should be limitations on science where scientists dare not tread for the sake of order. They agree that the power to create life instills an ignorance that also gives birth to new sets of potential problems. Science will always be present in society because it holds a lot of prominence. Science is how we understand our universe and it allows us to hape it as well.Science has helped mankind out of the caves, increased the average life span, and also let us Journey to places where man could only dream of. Of course, like anything in this world, science will require a cost to advance. The cost can be in the form of problems that were nonexistent in nature before that sometimes do not outweigh the benefits. These same problems will also challenge our own humanity as well and our future on this planet. For these reasons, Rifkin, Shelly, and I believe that whilst science is a powerful force for the advancement of the human Is planet.

Ethical Health Care Issues Essay

According to Women’s Health Resource (2011) â€Å"breast cancer is a serious issue that will affect almost every women worldwide, either directly as someone diagnosed with cancer, or indirectly through the illness of a loved one†( Home, para. 1). In the United States breast cancer is the found in women in their early twenties and thirties. These individuals are more prone to breast cancer because she has a family history of breast cancer. In 2006, approximately 212, 920 new cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed in the United States (Women’s Health Resource, 2011). The case scenario below will discuss ethical and legal issues regarding a female patient with breast cancer, which refuses treatment for breast cancer. Additionally, the scenario will cover the following four ethical principles: respect for persons/autonomy, justice, beneficence, and non-maleficence that relates to the case scenario (Bishop, 2003). Case Scenario A 25-year-old female patient made an appointment with her primary care physician because she discovered a lump on her breast. She went to her appointment with her primary care physician the following day. The physician examined her breast and discovered a lump on her breast, so he made a referral for her to see an oncologist in which can diagnose her if she has breast cancer. An oncologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment cancer (The Denise Roberts Breast Cancer Foundation, 2009). The following are the three main types of oncologist: medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and surgical oncologist, which can practice in hospitals and research centers. The female patient can make an appointment with the oncologist in which he will inform about her condition and different types of treatments available to her in which can reduce her chance of death as well conduct a biopsy. The biopsy will determine if she has breast cancer. The ethical issues are very clear, and they are respect for autonomy and beneficence. Additionally, the legal or ethical principles involved with breast cancer are no different from any other medical  treatment/intervention. Autonomy and Informed Consent As stated by Bishop (2003), â€Å"respect for persons/autonomy is that a physician acknowledges a person’s right to make choices, to hold views, and take actions based on personal values, and beliefs† (p. 7). In order for an adult to refuse treatment, he or she must be legally and mentally capable by meeting the following criteria: 18 years or older, understands the nature of the condition, and voluntary. Additionally, parents with children under the age of 18 have the right to consent to treatment as well refusing treatment for his or her child. As recognized by Miller et al. (2000), physicians have a moral and legal obligation to comply with a patient’s voluntary, informed refusal of life sustaining treatment, regardless of a physician judgment concerning the medical or moral appropriateness of this. In the case of the 25-year-old female patient with breast cancer she rejected medical treatment and was informed by the oncologist about the terminal illness. Death is seen as failure, rather than an important part of life (Smith, 2000). A conflict can arise with the patient because of the decision she made about not receiving care, which can likely end her life. The oncologist is obligated to inform or educate the patient about breast cancer, benefits of treatments, and risks involved with no treatment. The following are treatment options for cancer patients: lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical reconstruction (Women’s Health Resource, 2011). Although a physician can suggest benefits of any type of treatment the patient has the freedom to choose if he or she wants the treatment as well as ensuring the patient understand his or her own condition. When a patient refuses treatment for breast cancer or any medical condition, the issue of autonomy becomes difficult because of the serious health consequences. The health care professional will offer the patient different options for treatment when this occurs. As stated before the physician should consult with the patient about his or her decision because nurses have ethics and codes of conduct in which he or she must follow. Nurses must care for patients while taking care of him or her as  well as respecting and supporting the patient rights to decline treatment at anytime (Stringer, 2009). Medical professionals should respect the autonomy of patient decisions because it is a critical in the health care industry. Beneficence Rosenthal (2006), the principle of beneficence means that the health care provider must promote the well-being of patients and avoid harm them. Once a patient refuses treatment the health care professional must communicate the harm associated with no treatment for his or her condition. This can play a major role in how beneficence and maleficence is judged. When a patient has breast cancer and refuses treatment there is not another alternative option for the patient. During this principle the health care professional should ensure that he or she is maximizing possible benefits for the patients and minimizing harm when dealing with treatments. The health care professional can suggest certain treatments but the patient does not have to receive any care for his or her condition. When this occurs the physician will focus on different conflict resolutions for the care as well as services. A health care professional job is to offer quality of care to the patient in which he or she will ben efit from the medical treatment. During this principle, the health care professional will act with compassion when informing the patient about the potential benefits and risks for any medical condition. A patient is reliant upon the health care professional for someone who is caring and willing to share in the responsibility as well as treating him or her with dignity and respect. The 25-year-old female does not want treatment in which makes it hard for the oncologist to provide quality of care during the consultation and care. Non-maleficence Rosenthal (2006), during this principle, the health care provider ought to strive not to inflict harm to a patient, a requirement also seen as a duty not to refrain from aiding a patient. In addition, this principle will coincide with beneficence because it is reducing the harm to any patient  although a patient refuses care/treatment. The health care professional is obligated to help the patients to the best of his or her ability by providing benefits, protecting the patient’s interest, and promoting welfare. Additionally, how, and what the health care professional does for a patient should have greater chance of benefiting the patient than harming the patient. This is done by risk benefit analyses, where the health care professional can conduct research on the condition and different medications. The health care professional should explain any side effects for treatments as well as medications that the patient will become knowledgeable about options for his or her conditio n. Justice The principle of justice means to treat others equitably, distribute benefits/burdens fairly (Bishop, 2003). In addition, it is very important for the health care professional to keep a patient informed about treatments and he or she should not provide misinformation to the patient. A major issue with this principle is economic barriers can interfere with a patient when trying to receive treatment and medication. The health care organization is required to provide services/care to a patient regardless of health care coverage, especially the uninsured In addition, the department should that all patients are treated equally regardless of age, race, and ethnicity. Additionally, this principle will focus on justice, which will provide care/treatment regardless of the patient demographics or ethical issues he or she encounters with the health care professional. During this principle, the patient is treated with dignity and respect even though he or she refused care/treatment for any medic al condition. Conclusion Refusal of care is one of the most common ethical dilemmas in the health care industry, which is often difficult to resolve when his or her well-being is threaten. The health care professional must determine, which aspects of autonomy, beneficence, justice, and non-maleficence a patient want before providing care. Administrators within a medical facility must  examine the following underlying issues: competence of a patient, the distinction between apparent, and real refusal of care (Michels, 1981). A physician has the legal duty to provide and ensure the patient with sufficient information about treatment and care when he or she is at the facility. Additionally, an ethical dilemma will exist because of a patient’s right will conflict with a physician obligation of providing quality of care to an individual. This was the case with the 25-year-old female with breast cancer. References Bishop, L. (2003). Ethics Background. Kennedy Institute of Ethics. Retrieved on June 8, 2011 from: http://www.nwabr.org/education/pdfs/PRIMER/Background.pdf Michels, R. (1981). The Right to Refuse Treatment: Ethical Issues. American Psychiatric Association, 32(1), 251-255. Miller, F., Fins, J., & Snyder, L. (2000). Assisted suicide compared with refusal of treatment: a valid distinction?.Annals of Internal Medicine, 132(6), 470-475. Rosenthal, S. M. (2006). Patient Misconceptions and Ethical Challenges in Radioactive Iodine Scanning and Therapy. Journal if Nuclear Medicine Technology, 34( 3), 143-150. Smith, R. (2000). A good death: an important aim for health services and for us all. . British Medical Journal, 320(7228), 129-130. Stringer, S. (2009). Ethical issues involved in patient refusal of life-saving treatment. Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(3), 30-33. The Denise Roberts Breast Cancer Foundation . (2009). What is an Oncologist? Retrieved June 17, 2011 from http://www.tdrbcf.org/oncologist/index.html Women’s Health Resource. (2011). Breast Cancer. Retrieved on June 17, 2011 from http://www.wdxcyber.com/breast_home.html

Comparative Study on the Origin of Religion Essay

Since the early 1800s, there had been an ample amount of skeptics trying to account for the origin of religion. The basic question on everybody’s mind was where does religion come from? Some believed that people developed religion because they didn’t understand the forces of nature around them. Others believe that religion was created as a way of restrain people. In the 19th century, people were introduced to social science and anthropologists who once studied primitive culture were exposed to several theories on the origin of religion. Edward B Tylor was one of the first who developed a theory on religion. Max Muller was a German professor at Oxford University whose interest included Indian mythology and the study of religion. Another anthropologist was George Frazer who key contributions to religious anthropology was a religious encyclopedia. There are many explanations to the origin of religion, one of the most prominent being Edward B. Tylor’s theory of animism. This theory is considered the foundation of the physical evolution of religion; two other influential religious anthropologists, Max Muller and James Frazer, also based their explanations of the origin of religion on nature. All three religious anthropologists are similar in the sense that they traced the evolution of religion in an attempt to figure out the origin of it but differ in the way they approach the concept of religion. Edward B. Tylor developed the theory of animism to help explain the most rudimentary form of religion. Animism is defined as the belief that attributes souls and spirits to humans, plants, animals and other entities. Animistic religious beliefs are well-known among primitive societies who were â€Å"so low in culture as to have no religious conceptions what so ever† (Tylor). Tylor considered animism as the most primitive phase in the development of religion. He believed that the reflection of dreams and the observation of death caused primitive people to develop the idea of souls and spirits. Tylor thought that primitive people believed that everything in nature had a soul within it. He hypothesized that a belief in animism led to the formation of a more generalized god and, eventually, the creation of monotheism. Animism ultimately led to the evolution of religion in the minds of the people. It led them to take something so simple as nature and use it to explain the natural phenomenon in their environment. A conflicting theory that uses the concept of evolution is that of Max Muller. Another theory of the origin of religion was developed by Max Muller. He believed that people first developed religion from the observation of nature. According to his theory, primitive people became aware of regularity of the seasons, the tides and the phases of the moon. Their response to these forces in nature was to personalize them†(Hopfe and Woodward). They personalized them through linguistics. Muller believed that development of religion was a cause of confusion in language (Goldsmith). There seems to be a divide between Muller and Tylor over the nature of the origin o f religion. Max Muller believed that the answer to the sole origin of religion could be found in the past and a person can trace its origin in the linguistic remnants in the Indo-European languages. Tylor thought that implementing an ethnological approach would be more successful than studying languages for answers of the origin of religion. Evolution of religion is evident in Muller’s theory because â€Å"they personified the forces of nature, created myths to describe their activities, and eventually developed pantheons and religions around them† (Hopfe and Woodward). By developing religions and pantheons from identifying the forces in nature is a clear sign of the evolution of religion in the human mind set. Even though their theories are different, the idea of evolution of religion in the human mind is evident in both Muller and Tylor’s theory. Sir James George Frazer, a fellow religious anthropologist, began developing his own theories on religion. Frazer believed that humans used magic as a way to control nature and the events around them and when that failed, they turned to religion. They used religion to control the events for a while and when religion failed they turned to science. Frazer’s theories were similar to those of Tylor. They both believed that the human mind developed in the same way as that of physical evolution.. Even though Frazer took a similar approach to Tylor in tracing the origin of religion, he modified Tylor’s theory and replaced Tylor’s theory of animism with his idea of magic. A similarity between Frazer and Tylor is that they both believed that religion began from an intentional method of describing and making sense of a strange world. Frazer replaces the idea that religion explains nature by introducing science as a substitute. Frazer’s approach to tracing the origin of religion is similar to that of Tylor and Muller since all three traced the evolution of religion in an attempt to figure out its origin. Both Muller and Frazer’s theory are similar to Tylor’s theory since both trace the origin of religion through the evolution of it but differ in the way they interpret religion. All three of them seemed to miss a vital element of religion which is that no one who practices religion is doing so to explain how the world works. People use religion for several reasons. Some use it to give meaning to their lives while others use it to enforce social order. Maybe all three anthropologists didn’t miss this key component but rather didn’t know about it due to the rapid evolution of religion.

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan Essay

Clinical Supervision Reflection and Action Plan - Essay Example Other fields have also embraced the concept of clinical supervision with a variation of the same though under a different name altogether. This paper is going to focus on the various aspects of clinical supervision. It will begin with a brief background of the concept. A definition of the concept will be provided for purposes of understanding what clinical supervision is all about. It will then look at what happens in clinical supervision including the various stages involved. It will then provide a reflection of the good things that I encountered during clinical supervision before also looking at the bad things in clinical supervision. The paper will then look at some of the key issues in clinical supervision outlining their importance and how to improve on them in the future. This will then be followed by a discussion of some of the challenges that I faced and the mechanisms that I put in place to overcome them. The paper will conclude explaining why clinical supervision is important in nursing and the difference that it makes in the entire profession. Clinical supervision There has been a longstanding assumption in the medical field that nurses and midwives for that matter â€Å"learn on the Job† but in true sense there have been very few mechanisms that are put in place to ensure this aspect happens (Bryant, 2010, p. 36 ). Clinical supervision is an aspect that was introduced way back in the early 1990’s to describe a systematic structure for professional development for nurses and midwives. This concept was seen as a means of bringing together the aspect of reflection, development, individual responsibility and accountability within a framework that offers support and promotes safe practices (Gordon, 2000, p. 27). The overall intention of introducing this concept is to be able to promote safe practice and help in identifying the wilful bad practices that are exemplified nurses at the workplace and how these can be avoided in future operations (Bryant, 2010, p. 37 ). The NMC viewed the practices by nurses as individual responsibility an d therefore in 1993 they put forward a code that stated â€Å"As a professional you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions.† This showed the aspect of individual responsibility and accountability (NMC, 2008). The council later on realized the importance of clinical supervision as being essential to accountable nursing practice and therefore endorsed its adoption in every branch of nursing. However the implementation of this aspect was essentially left to the practitioners in the individualized or local situations (Jeremy & Suresh, 2007, p. 412). The council still supports the aspect of clinical supervision but believes that it is better developed at local levels in line with the local needs of the population (Bryant, 2010, p. 39 ). Clinical supervision is therefore described as â€Å"regular protected time for facilitated, in-depth reflection on clinical practice aimed to enable the supervisee t o achieve, sustain and creatively develop a high quality of practice through the means of focused support and development.† (NCNM, 2008, p. 2) Brunero & Stein-Parbury (2008, p. 87) define clinical supervision as â€Å" a process of professional support and learning in which nurses are assisted in developing their practice through regular discussion time with experienced and knowledgeable colleagues.† It is evident from this that the principle of discussion is used in clinical supervision. Discussion or reflection is used to assist the nurse’s figure out what happened in a given situation and what

Women finding their identity in the modern world Essay

Women finding their identity in the modern world - Essay Example The author correctly points out that the world as young women see it today is something that was not there before 1950s or before the feminist movements. Rosen maintains that young women today cannot even identify with the 1950s era when life of women revolved around home, husband and kids. Various feminist movements, ideologies, and objectives have changed the landscape of rights for women. This change was seen as "the most powerful challenge to the feminine mystique," i and changed the way things were in women workforce increasing their participation in economic activities. It was during the 1950s that young women slowly "rejected the world of their mothers" and because of this change, this generation was termed anti-motherhood. The various changes in feminist movements have been witnessed over the decades. In the 1950s since feminism was still new, women had adopted the rather ill fitting tools to compete with men. They had become sexually, socially and intellectually rebellious but over the years, they realized that these tools were not helping them with their objectives. Rosen notes that during the 1970s, FBI got involved with feminism movement in order to stifle the latter. The paranoia had spread far and wide and feminist politics had become a major party of US political scene. Many feminists had become wary of government's interference as Rosen states: "Still, in my wildest flights of paranoia I never imagined the extent to which the FBI spied on feminists or how many women did the spying"ii. It was believed that FBI had recruited women informers to tip them off about such subversive aims as: "They wanted equal opportunities that men have in work and in society" iii. Many people saw feminist activitie s as a threat to internal security as Hoover was found saying: "Inter woven with its goals for equal rights for women is the advocation of violence to achieve these goals," that he saw as a threat to internal security iv. Thus FBI files contained information on feminist activities and agenda as one operative explained: "This movement has no leaders, dues, or organizations"v. The most disturbing aspect of FBI involvement was that it had a negative impact on solidarity of feminists. Some of the women would accuse each other of being informers thus hurting their bond of sisterhood to the effect that "feminists sometimes found it easier to accuse one another of being informers than to accept the inevitable differences among them that, even without the FBI, would naturally result in different feminist perspectives and different ideas of sisterhood"vi. Such differences resulted in the complete dissipation of feminism's objectives. These disagreements grew to the extent that by the mid-1970s, this movement "was everywhere and nowhere" vii. This means that during this time feminist movement was suffering from diffusion and misunderstanding. Many people felt that feminism was all about becoming a super-woman who cared about nothing and no one except her own dreams and herself. That was certainly not good for the movement as Rosen explains: "when Americans took a good hard look at this narcissistic superwoman who embraced the values of the dominant culture, they grew anxious and frightened, for they no longer saw loyal mothers and wives who would care for the human community, but a dangerous individual, unplugged from home and hearth, in other words, a female version of

Hand In Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hand In - Assignment Example With the advancement in technology more and more complex program structures are being developed and if it is tested by the result of one’s experience then it will not be time efficient. As time competence factor plays an important role in technology development, therefore, personal experience cannot be considered as a preferred way for verification and performance tuning. Several test cases are created when the testing and verification are carried out by automatic means. These test cases include all the possible paths through which a program can go through. If a program is passed through a test case and it halts in an indeterminate state or infinite condition or it gives undesired output then it means that there is some coding problem in the program and with the help of that particular test case it can be determined that in which line of code error exists. It is also necessary to pass the program through every case in order to make a program error proof. This takes very less time as compared to manual testing and correction of the program which can consume several hours / days to test a complex program. Use of a particular algorithm also depends on the complexity of a program. Some of these are good with more complex structures while others should be preferred for simple program verification and testing. Incorrect selection of an algorithm can be devastative for a system. Manual program verification, testing and performance tuning is very complicated, time consuming and complex therefore it should not have a preference over automatic means in future. Also, it can be deduced from outcomes of artificial intelligence that magnificent performance improvements can be made by using automated tuning process (Hutter and Babic,

Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Capital Punishment - Essay Example One of the biggest flaws that can be found in the way that the survey was conducted is the fact that opinions were reached based on what a person was, as opposed to what they actually felt and believed in regards to the capital punishment. Religious and political preferences were looked at during the statistical portion of the research, though those bits of information can hardly scrape the surface of what people think. It was assumed that due to these standings, specific beliefs were automatically held. The survey was more focused on groups, organizations, and cultural beliefs, than those of individuals were. What was good about the survey was that it did consider varying groups of people and did not limit itself to just one specific section. However, what were not made clear were the reasons that these people had for being for or against capital punishment. Very little was spoken of the methodology actually involved in capital punishment, so it was unclear about what citizens were agreeing or disagreeing to, and why. Whether capital punishment is a good path to take with criminals or not is entirely up to individuals, including those that have the power to do something about keeping capital punishment around or ridding of it entirely. It has already been stated that it is considered unconstitutional, yet very little seems to be done about defending or agreeing with that given claim. It should also be considered that, in further studies, individual opinion be noted, and not just what is based on the religious or political reference.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment - Essay Example Through the trial and error of experience society has a system of allowing us to find which system works for us. For example going to college right after high school or getting a job both systems yields results. We decide which is best for us as individuals. 2. Guided by the discipline’s three major theoretical approaches come up with sociological questions about (a) television, (b) war, and (c) colleges and universities. How has television changed in the approach to children’s programs? Well children’s programming is becoming more and more adult in nature. Sexual implications are now acceptable content for children’s animations and cartoons even some language has become acceptable. Children should not be exposed to such things. Children copy what they see. A child should behave as a child not an adult. How has war (unable to resolve conflicts) affected our society? Well war to me is any unresolved conflict whether or not it’s a battle in the field or in the office the results during and after war are pieces trying to come together. The situation in Libya is an unresolved conflict over government regime. That unresolved conflict has resulted in the rising of gas prices.

Environmental Scan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Scan - Assignment Example The program is solely responsible for health services and training opportunities, along with valuable educational programs. Regina Food Bank has been sustaining its operations from past many years. However external forces tend to affect operations of this charitable organization. There are four major forces in external environment as per PEST model such as political, economic, social and technological forces. This project has been incorporated in Regina located in Canada. Political power is in favor of Regina Food Bank. Its main aim is to eradicate any form of hunger issues from the country. The government had recently announced a lump sum amount to be donated to Regina Food Bank. This kind of investment would be done in terms of capacity building in community and voluntary sector. Political conditions at times are not stable due to frequent elections and this in turn proves to be a threat for charitable organizations. Economic factors mainly comprise of effect of recession on charitable organization. This encompasses various phenomenons like lower income of donor, increased service demand and stiff competition in context of declining funds of government. Job security is a vital issue for donors and this affects operations of charitable organizations. When disposable income is low then it negatively affects donation habits of individuals. Reduction in interest rates is good for businesses and home-owners but it has adversely affected charities. Market volatility reduced overall income from investments and reserves for many firms. The charities usually are dependent on investment factor. This kind of dependency will be influential since larger portfolio portion is held in shares. Market volatility also plays a major role for charities in context of pension funds. Pension funds are usually bounded within equities and hence declination in stock value creates large deficits. Financial instability and low interest