State Competition and Higher Education A Race to Essay Example For Students

State Competition and Higher Education: A Race to Essay the Top? With MarkInterstate Competition in Health and Welfare Programs (with Mark Rom) Does state command over redistributive projects make them less liberal? Most examinations of interstate rivalry over government assistance (referred to informally as the race to the base, or RTB) center exclusively around advantage levels for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). This paper widens the examination to cover different government assistance programs, numerous proportions of liberality, and various pointers of state rivalry. Doing so has two primary advantages. To begin with, we can recognize serious conduct by states and natural provincial covariation. We analyze government assistance programs under state control and excluded from it, and incorporate pointers of symmetric and hilter kilter rivalry, and contend that the RTB necessitates that serious weight must confine government assistance liberality, and that this limitation must be available in government assistance progra ms over which states have control and missing from programs absolved from state control. Second, we assess various measures and programs thus can sum up speculations about interstate rivalry and redistribution. To do so we analyze advantages, access, and cost for the AFDC, Medicaid, Medicare and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs somewhere in the range of 1975 and 1995. A multivariate model yields solid proof that state authority over redistribution leads no matter how you look at it to prohibitive wellbeing and government assistance strategy. We will compose a custom exposition on State Competition and Higher Education: A Race to explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Interstate Competition in Health and Welfare Programs (with Mark Rom) Does state command over redistributive projects make them less liberal? Most investigations of interstate rivalry over government assistance (referred to conversationally as the race to the base, or RTB) center exclusively around advantage levels for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). This paper widens the investigation to cover numerous government assistance programs, different proportions of liberality, and various markers of state rivalry. Doing so has two principle benefits. To start with, we can recognize serious conduct by states and characteristic local covariation. We look at government assistance programs under state control and absolved from it, and incorporate markers of symmetric and deviated rivalry, and contend that the RTB necessitates that serious weight must limit government assistance liberality, and that this limitation must be available in government assistance programs over which s tates have control and missing from programs excluded from state control. Second, we assess various measures and programs thus can sum up hypotheses about interstate rivalry and redistribution. To do so we look at advantages, access, and cost for the AFDC, Medicaid, Medicare and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs somewhere in the range of 1975 and 1995. A multivariate model yields solid proof that state power over redistribution leads in all cases to prohibitive wellbeing and government assistance strategy. Interstate Competition in Health and Welfare Programs (with Mark Rom) Does state authority over redistributive projects make them less liberal? Most investigations of interstate rivalry over government assistance (referred to informally as the race to the base, or RTB) center exclusively around advantage levels for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). This paper expands the examination to cover different government assistance programs, numerous proportions of liberality, and various markers of state rivalry. Doing so has two primary advantages. Initially, we can recognize serious conduct by states and natural territorial covariation. We analyze government assistance programs under state control and absolved from it, and incorporate pointers of symmetric and hilter kilter rivalry, and contend that the RTB necessitates that serious weight must limit government assistance liberality, and that this limitation must be available in government assistance programs over which state s have control and missing from programs excluded from state control. Second, we assess different measures and programs thus can sum up speculations about interstate rivalry and redistribution. To do so we analyze advantages, access, and cost for the AFDC, Medicaid, Medicare and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs somewhere in the range of 1975 and 1995. A multivariate model yields solid proof that state command over redistribution leads in all cases to prohibitive wellbeing and government assistance strategy. .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 , .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 .postImageUrl , .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 , .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904:hover , .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904:visited , .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904:active { border:0!important; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904:active , .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904:hover { obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6 682e904 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud8ea5e20ca364ecb18a6790f6682e904:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Electronic Voting and What Should be Done EssayInterstate Competition in Health and Welfare Programs (with Mark Rom) Does state power over redistributive projects make them less liberal? Most examinations of interstate rivalry over government assistance (referred to conversationally as the race to the base, or RTB) center exclusively around advantage levels for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). This paper widens the examination to cover various government assistance programs, different proportions of liberality, and numerous pointers of state rivalry. Doing so has two principle

Court Case of Brown v. Board of Education

Legal dispute of Brown v. Leading body of Education The 1954 instance of Brown v. Leading body of Education finished with a Supreme Court choice that helped lead to the integration of schools all through America. Before the decision, African-American kids in Topeka, Kansas were denied access to every single white school because of laws taking into consideration separate however equivalent offices. Separate however equivalent was given lawful remaining with the 1896 Supreme Courtâ ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson. This convention necessitated that any different offices must be of equivalent quality. Notwithstanding, the offended parties in Brown v. Leading body of Education effectively contended that isolation was naturally unequal.â Case Background In the mid 1950s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) brought legal claims against school areas in a few states, looking for court arranges that would require the locale to permit dark kids to go to white schools. One of these suits was recorded against the leading body of instruction in Topeka, Kansas, in the interest of Oliver Brown, a parent of a kid who was denied access to white schools in the Topeka school area. The first case was attempted in an area court and was crushed in light of the fact that the dark schools and white schools were adequately equivalent and consequently isolated tutoring in the region was ensured under the Plessy choice. The case was then heard by the Supreme Court in 1954, alongside other comparable cases from around the nation, and it got known as Brown v. Leading body of Education. The main chamber for the offended parties was Thurgood Marshall, who later turned into the primary dark Justice designated to the Supreme Court. Brown’s Argument The lower court that managed against Brown concentrated on examinations of fundamental offices offered in both the high contrast schools of the Topeka school locale. Paradoxically, the Supreme Court case included a significantly more inside and out examination, taking a gander at the impacts that the various conditions had on the understudies. The Court established that isolation prompted brought down confidence and an absence of certainty that could influence a child’s capacity to learn. It discovered thatâ separating understudies by race sent the message to dark understudies that they were sub-par compared to white understudies and in this manner schools serving each race independently would never be equal.â The Significance ofBrown v. Leading body of Education The Brown decision was genuinely noteworthy on the grounds that it upset the different however equivalent precept set up by the Plessy choice. While already the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution was deciphered so equity under the steady gaze of the law could be met through isolated offices, with Brown this was not, at this point valid. Theâ 14th Amendmentâ guarantees equivalent insurance under the law, and the Court decided that different offices dependent on race were ipso facto inconsistent. Convincing Evidence One bit of proof that extraordinarily impacted the Supreme Court choice depended on researchâ performed by two instructive therapists, Kenneth, and Mamie Clark. The Clarks introduced kids as youthful as 3 years of age with white and earthy colored dolls. They found that generally the kids dismissed the earthy colored dolls when requested to pick which dolls they enjoyed the best, needed to play with, and thought were a pleasant shading. This underlined the innate imbalance of a different instructive framework dependent on race.

Home on the range

Home on the range My life Yesterday was Adams and my two-year anniversary! We celebrated with our friends with a cake and some quality reminiscing. I wanted to get party hats, but I couldnt find any at the store, alas. Dorm choice I get the feeling that a lot of people find MITs dorm choice process a little mysterious at best, so I thought Id clear up the timeline involved. We upperclassmen forget sometimes that its not crystal-clear to you. Timeline: CPW Check out dorms, meet residents, eat free food. Late May/early June receive a booklet with descriptions of each dorm written by residents, and a CD with resident-made videos. (Last years videos can be found here.) Rank each dorm and cultural house, 1 through 15, and send in the form to be run in the housing lottery. The form is usually due around the third week of June. Late July Housing lottery runs. Freshmen are assigned a temporary room The room is almost always one of their top two choices, sometimes third choice last year, 70% of students got their first choice in the summer lottery and 26% got their second choice. August 26 or 27 Arrive at MIT and put stuff in temporary room. Dont unpack. (A good strategy is to pack a suitcase with a weeks worth of stuff in it, and live out of that during orientation.) Run around and check out all the dorms and eat free food, decide if you want to enter the readjustment lottery to switch dorms. You always have the option to stay in your temp dorm if you want, although you shouldnt succumb to laziness and not explore just because you sorta like your temp dorm. August, a few days after that The readjustment lottery is run for people who have decided to switch dorms. Final dorm assignments go out the day after the lottery is run. August, probably the next day Each dorm does in-house rush, where students go around and meet people from all the floors/entries/whatever within the dorm and eat free food. Students rank floors and yet another lottery is run. Now were probably into September Final room assignments go out. Students (with help from upperclassman muscle) move into their final room assignments. Everybody gets psyched. My two cents My advice is to look at all the dorms seriously, or at least to use the i3 videos to narrow it down to your top three or four choices, then visit all three or four of those dorms during rush. You cant get all the information you need from a video you can get it from talking to a wide variety of current dorm residents. Second, Id really encourage everybody not to fixate on one particular dorm. If you like dorm X, there are other dorms that resemble it in some way you dont want to not get lotteried into dorm X and set yourself up for being miserable. Its okay to have a first choice, but make sure you like a few other choices too. Make sure to take rush seriously. Its really important that you end up in the best dorm for you and dont succumb to laziness and inertia and pick/stay based on stupid criteria. The people in your living group will probably be your most important social support system during your freshman year. Plus theres lots of free food, and who can argue with that? Also, Id encourage you to look at whats important in each dorm: the people. Some of the dorms at MIT are more aesthetically pleasing than others, but who cares? After a few weeks, the physical atmosphere will feel like home if youre with a group of people you care about. Its much better to be with great people in an older dorm than to be with people you dont like in a shiny new one. You can use amenities to guide your choice, but use people as your primary criterion. I would be particularly wary about choosing a dorm based on its possession or lack of a dining hall. People who dont live in a dining hall dorm can still eat in dining halls every night, and some people who do live in dining hall dorms never touch dining hall food. Youll be in college. Youll get food somehow, I promise. There are lots of different kinds of people at MIT, as you undoubtably noticed at CPW. Hence, there are lots of different kinds of communities at MIT. Id be careful trying to value-judge different dorms its not very nice and it hurts feelings. Plus its completely ridiculous; theres no best dorm, just one (or a few) that are best for you. Keep that in mind when youre visiting dorms during rush. Dont listen to people who say Oh, dorm X is lame and the people there are [weird, frat boys, antisocial, evil, scary, popularity whores, smelly, boring, trashy, losers]. Go there and check it out for yourself. So do a little soul-searching what kind of person are you, and what do you want in your dorm community? Theres no right answer, and all kinds of people can find a great living group at MIT. And never, under any circumstances, ask any upperclassman the following question: I got lotteried into this dorm over the summer. If I choose to stay in this dorm, can I keep the same room? The answer is no. Dont let laziness keep you from exploring other dorms. Would you rather be lazy for a week or happy for four years? Questions (Im not answering Adams questions, because Im sure hell answer them much better than I could. But hes at lab right now, so answers to his questions will have to wait, I guess.) 1. Anonymous asked, What is a postdoc? A postdoc is either a person who has gotten a PhD or the job the person takes after getting said PhD. In science, since faculty positions are few and far between, most people take postdoctoral positions for three to five years after getting their PhDs. Postdocs are usually really good at bench work and really stressed out. 2. Dan asked, In a previous entry, you said if you single major you need 180 units beyond GIRs, but for a double you dont need the full 180 more you only need 270 total more than the GIRs. Does that mean you get 180 for 1 and 90 for the other, or approximately 135 for each major? On each departments site, it gives the requirements for a degree in that major, as if youre getting a degree in just that one. So if one wanted to figure out how much of say physics they would need with a double major in math and physics, how would they see how much of each they need to take? No, you just need 270 units total outside the GIRs it doesnt matter where they come from. I mean, if you wanted to do a double in math and physics, and you finished all the requirements for each major and had, say, 48 units left over, you could take them all in math, or all in physics, or all in history. (All of my extra units, for example, have been in biology.) You can count a single subject for both majors (18.03, for example, is required for both a math major and a physics major), but it only counts as 12 units outside the GIRs. If you want to give me your email address (entering it in the email field of the comments wont make it visible to everyone else), I can hash this out with you in more detail its not a terribly clear system! If it helps, also, heres my class plan.

Exchange Rate Exposure And Systems In Emerging Markets Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3631 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Exchange rate is the rate of one currency into another. In other words, it has the value of the currency of another country than their own. If you are traveling to another country, you need to buylocal currency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exchange Rate Exposure And Systems In Emerging Markets Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Like any asset prices, the exchange rate is the price, you can buy that currency. If you are traveling to Egypt, for example, the dollar exchange rate of 1:5.5 Egyptian pounds, which means that for every dollar that you can buy five and a half Egyptian pounds. In theory, the same assets should sell at the same price in different countries, because the intrinsic value of the exchange rate to maintain a currency of another. Over the past few decades have witnessed great turbulence in the practice of the exchange rate, the worlds countries: the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, inevitably, through a period of clean and dirty floating, through the wooden pegs, the depreciation of the denied, and more devaluation caused by the floating exchange rate depreciation, the currency board, and the emergence of a common currency in most European countries. Large exchange rate fluctuations or different policies in sharp contrast to the more knowledge-through the slow progress in the logic o f economic models and the accumulation of evidence-about alternative exchange rate systems. Not the growth of this knowledge to create a consensus, is not so far, policy-we follow, but there are many places we have slipped to the policy between the application of knowledge, because I will discuss-but thoughtful policy analysis modeled after the process overwhelmed by neglect or cast a vote against the less-than-critical staring at the requirements in the exchange rate and exchange rate systems on a variety of politicians, bureaucrats, reviews, and academics. 1.2 Fixed exchange rate Under a fixed exchange rate, sometimes called the pegged exchange rate system, is a type of exchange rate regime, the currencys value should the value of other single currency or a basket of currencies of other countries, or other measure of value, Such as gold. Typically use fixed exchange rate stability is the value of a currency pegged to the dollar the currency. Trade and investment, which makes the predictability between the two countries, but more relaxed, more especially for small economies where the form of foreign trade most of GDP (gross domestic product). It can also be used as a means to control inflation. However, when the reference value rises and falls, then the currency pegged to the dollar. Furthermore, according to Mundell Fleming model with perfect capital mobility, fixed exchange rate to prevent government use domestic monetary policy to achieve macroeconomic stability. 1.3 Floating exchange rate Significant fluctuations in exchange rates or floating exchange rate is a type of exchange rate regime, allowing the value of money is based on the fluctuations in the foreign exchange market. A currency, called the use of a floating exchange rate floating exchange rate. Some economists believe that in most cases, better fixed exchange rate floating exchange rate. To automatically adjust the floating exchange rate, they make an impact to curb the impact of national and foreign business cycles, and even the possibility of pre-emptive strike a balanced international balance of payments crisis. However, in some cases, the fixed exchange rate may be more stable and more suitable to grasp. This may not necessarily be true, consider the results of the country, trying to bring the price of RMB strong or high compared to other countries such as Britain or the Asian currency crisis in Southeast Asian countries. Choose between the debate between fixed and floating exchange rate regime is proposed, they argue Mundell Fleming model cannot simultaneously maintain a fixed exchange rate of the economy, free capital movement, an independent monetary policy. Can choose any two control and left the third to market forces. Appreciation or depreciation in extreme cases, central banks usually intervene to stabilize the currency. Therefore, the floating exchange rate monetary system is known as the more specialized a managed float. The central bank may, for example, allowing the currency to float freely on price, between the lower bound, the price ceiling and House. Management of the central bank may be a large number of different ways to buy or sell, in order to provide price support or resistance, or, if the currency of some countries, there may be legal sanctions in the context of these transactions. 1.4 Fixed exchange rate versus Floating exchange rate The floating exchange rate is with the various advantages. First, in the floating exchange rate automatic correct as country just make it free movement of supply and demand balance. Secondly, from external economic activities of insulation as national currency is not dependent on a possible world high inflation under fixed exchange rates. Demand and supply the free flow of help from the world economy fluctuation on the domestic economy. Third, governments can freely choose them as a floating exchange rate policy, will allow domestic any payment imbalance of balance, possible domestic policy implementation automatic correction. Nonetheless, there are also specific concerns about the exchange rate being unstable and uncertain under the floating exchange rate regime. Also, speculation tends to be higher in the floating exchange rate regime, hence leading to more uncertainty especially for traders and investors. Despite its rigidity, the fixed exchange rate regime is still used f or several reasons. First, there is certainty in fixed exchange rate. With it, international trade and investment becomes less risky. Second, there is little or no speculation on a fixed exchange rate. However, a fixed exchange rate contradicts the objective of having free markets and it is not able to adjust to shocks swiftly like the floating exchange rate. 1.5 Overview of exchange rate exposure At the micro-level, know how to in emerging markets, enterprise to exchange rate fluctuations interest are clearly their investors and managers. From a macroeconomic perspective, study the enterprise level exchange rate risk, help to determine channel exchange rate fluctuation effects of emerging economies. This is important because of preious study found that exchange rate devaluation impact on emerging markets and developed markets will be very different. For example, KaErWo and Reinhart (2000) found that devaluation in emerging markets tighten. An expansion of the literature, summarizes agenor, and MengTieEr (1999), provide theoretical interpretation, developing economies tighten devaluation. This and the effect of devaluation standard expansion comparative observation (see Gordon 2000) developed countries. Use of enterprise-level data to analyze macroeconomic problems, this is particularly useful, such as in the business cycle of frequency summary data is often in the quality a nd the limited number of developing countries. In addition, because responsibility, dollarization channel directly related to individual enterprises balance sheet, it is important to check with their performance depreciation of the influence. Bekaert and Harvey (2003), in the current literature on emerging market financing of comprehensive investigation, observation, used to parse the developed markets, the standard model often is not suitable for processing occurred in emerging markets, specific situation. This observation and there were to exchange rate risk research so. In developed markets researchers usually focused on measure marginal exchange rate risk, to a companys stock exchange rate of return of the depreciation of the influence, for national stock index irr control. The national into stock index is control macroeconomic impact, causing synchronous movement in local currency and a companys stock price impact factor. This measure is often used to estimate the company of some interesting courses of exchange rate risk (such as multinational company or exporters), relative to the national average. However, for the emerging market of the enterprise, is our ability to focus on how they are in absolute meaning of exchange rate fluctuations, while the effect of not important reasons. First of all, to assess the depreciation of the theories discussed above, we need to research the total, but not at the edge of the influence, to exchange rate fluctuations in emerging markets enterprise. Specifically, we are reviewing whether as a class of emerging market enterprise adverse effects, currency devaluation, not just how they perform, relative to their respective countries average interested. Second, Morck, Yang, the more (2000) document within the stock price of the domestic correlated considerably more than developed markets emerging higher level. This synchronization make stock price change is unlikely to emerging market enterprises are facing serious mar ginal exchange rate risk. Meanwhile, so strong national internal cooperation campaign suggests the possibility of specific countries is an important part of the exchange rate risk. By using the total exposure measures, we can assume for exchange rate risk decision factors for specific national influence; And the peripheral exposure of any nation only measures, concrete influence has been deducted, so it cant identify. In addition, in the more micro level, in emerging markets, investors should care about their investment return given devaluation general response and managers to oneself the value of the company always reaction given exchange rate fluctuation relevant, not just edge react than the national average. Thus, our challenge is to measure total exchange-rate exposure, but at the same time abstract from the confounding macroeconomic shocks. In other words, we need to distinguish between the direct effects of exchange-rate movements on firm value, and the effects of other ma croeconomic shocks that simultaneously affect both firm value and exchange rates. Chapter Two Literature review 2.1 Chapter overview For this chapter that is the literature review which propose the significant empirical and theoretical information to estimate the exposure of emerging-market companies to fluctuations in their domestic exchange rates and identifies the total exposure of a company to exchange-rate movements. 2.2 Empirical Literatures As Adler and DaZhongMa works (1980, 1984) began, Joe dumars (1978), and Howard (1982), there is a study in developed markets, probes into the companys exchange rate risk long list. The main focus of this document is estimated at industry or company level of risk and to investigate their decision factors. For example, Jorion (1990), he and NG (1998) found that foreign sales to the United States and Japan are a multinational company contact of important factor. Allayannis and Ihrig (2001) and beaus, and DaZhongMa Gardner, mascherano meal (2002) research market structure as to exchange rate risk decision of factors. Allayannis and Ihrig establishment and the exchange rate risk and marking the links, and estimate American manufacturing model. Bo Gardners, and DaZhongMa mascherano meal the scope is export enterprises exchange rate risk of one through the price of exchange rate fluctuations, and estimate the on Japanese exports industry pattern. Griffin and si tuor this (2001) and Willia mson (2001) study exchange rate fluctuation industry level the impact of competition. Griffin and si tuor this discovery, the influence is a in Canada, France, Germany, Japan, England, and industrial widely set small American Williamson thinks, the powerful influence for automotive industry, in Japan and the United States more wonderful, griffin and Williamson (2002) and Dominguez and tessa (2001) provide the more detailed this literature review In the method, many studies, including Allayannis and horizon (2001), bo Gardners and gentleman (1993), Jorion (1990, 1991), and Williamson (2001), exchange rate risk measures as a domestic market index works control variables. Bo Gardners and yellow (2000) provides take this practice motivation discuss carefully, and further suggests that the market of the construction of the control variables can have a symbol and exposure to estimate the size of the considerable influence. Some research sector does level in the enterprise or some indiv idual emerging market exchange rate risk. Kho and Sweeney tuor this (2000) study of the Asian financial crisis for five of east Asian countries other currency risk banking. They found that a currency risk only in Indonesia and the Philippines department of stocks earn negative influence. Dominguez and tessa (2001) review from eight countries, in which two (Chile andThailand) is emerging market enterprise marginal rate risk. These two countries, they found that both scale of enterprises or foreign sales is an important determinant of exposure, and the industry is a business affiliation relationship in Chile and Thailand two significantly. Parsley and popple (2002) to study how to exchange rate peg influence east Asia enterprises exchange rate risk, and found a one-to-one currency show outfights them from other currency exposure fixed exchange rate of countries. Chapter Three Methodology 3.1 DATA In this study, it used in the sample from multiple sources establishment. Emerging markets (EMNCs) multinationals and developed countries multinational companies in control group (DMNCs), this list compiled list of annual world investment report published MaoFa meeting of the top multinational companies. Since 1999, all the list published are used to compile EMNCs list. If a company on the list at least once, it was listed in the samples. In addition, transition countries 25 strong multinational companies, top 10 list of multinational companies list published by the eastern world investment reports for research. These sources of combination create 120 multinational companies as a sample of authentication. Once the company create, for the list of Datastream and analysis of data from Thomson research database. O the list of corporate database screening, found that some companies have no relevant data or database of consistent time series. This reduced the companys total sample 106. T he final list including from four world (Africa, Asia, Europe and America) area in 16 countries 106 company 3.2 Methodology The impact of company, industry, region, and country level variables on the exchange rate exposure elasticity was estimated by using pooled time series regression method. Where, is firm ià ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢s exchange rate exposure elasticity coefficient. The independent Variables in the Cross sectional model are as follows: TS: Total Sales Lev: Leverage Int: Degree of Internationalization C: Country Risk ADR: Access to Intà ¢ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢l Capital US: Upstream/ Downstream Dummy R: Region Dummy I: Industry Dummy Virtual variables include single industry, national and regional effect. As for someone says the earlier scale and lever may affect the companys foreign exchange exposure of elasticity, therefore, it is necessary to control these effects. Total assets and total sales increased enterprise scale and the assets and liabilities of the total ratio con trol to control leverage. The companys internationalization degree also affect exposure, therefore, foreign assets and total assets and proportion of total sales of foreign sales added to the model to control the effect. Chapter Four Data Analysis and Research Findings Foreign exchange market experienced with the actual rate often in the big change bilateral exchange rate fluctuations caused fluctuatio (figure 1 and 2) in recent weeks. These movements of some corresponding adjustment scheme of EO87 policy direction, but on condition that the nominal money valuation of the changes, are made by domestic absorption ability change, make the actual and effective exchange rate adjustment after lasting. In the circumstances, the dollar depreciation (4.2, since September 1 in nominal effective) is desirable support, because it helps to adjust to American production from internal to external balance, demand and ease in the U.S. disinflation risk. By reducing the need of domestic absorption in the dollar is also advantageous in U.S. financial reorganization. Similarly, modest revaluation has in Brazil and emerging market economies and India (in these two countries under the name of 1.1%, effective from September 1) happens should help them contain inflatio nary pressure, but might aggravate their current-account deficit, unless it is compensation fiscal restraint. Simulation operation and the oecd model suggests that the world new fluctuation of exchange rate is a long-term actual variable has a significant effect to maintain. For example, it needs to be in the two years before, the dollars external value change provides two, it to the current account complete effect of two-thirds. Table 1 Report and the median average rate risk of emerging markets and developed market multinationals coefficient. Webmasters coefficient in the name of market risk factor. Net enrollment coefficient is the nominal exchange rate risk factor. MaBi coefficient is true market risk factor. Net enrollment coefficient is the real exchange rate risk factor. The panel table 1, we report for all the exchange rate risk of a multinational company analysis results (including developed and emerging market) samples. Exposure of the elastic coefficient and the me dian average, when we use the proxy is the nominal exchange rate and exchange rate 0.00122 0.01645 respectively. Exposure elastic indication change when we use the real exchange rate. The mean and median exposure elasticize is real exchange rate 0.0146 and 0.0399. In group B and C we report the exchange rate and the developed countries EMNCs multinational company (DMNCs) exposure analysis results. And although the nominal exchange rate of Proxy EMNCs averages and median exposure flexibility is 0.112 and 0.126 respectively corresponding elastic for 0.1148 DMNCs and 0.143. When we use the real exchange rate, the average exposure elasticity reverse signs for both EMNCs and DMNCs Table2 ANOVA-Test of between subjects effects Based on the table 2, we report the variable test between the principal role of results. Type III squares which used in the test. The amended model is 1% significant level. Therefore, expose in emerging markets and developed market coefficient of national equality zero hypotheses was refused. In order to EMNC and quantitative between DMNC group, a simple comparison test is in exchange rate risk difference. In the above analysis, light, namely zero hypothesis EMNC and DMNC exposure elastic relationship is equal, is in 1% significant level refused. Therefore, we, according to the results of exchange rate risk in emerging markets of multinational companies elastic relationship is significantly lower than developed countries exchange rate risk relationship elastic larger market multinational company. We in this study the main premise is such statistical results confirmed the report. We further analysis, in order to obtain the exchange rate exposed to different enterprises, industry and national level of variables EMNCs elastic relationship model views. Table 3 contrast result of ANOVA Table 4 Cross tabs between foreign asset and magnitude of RER exposure Table 5 Cross tabs between foreign sales and magnitude of RER exposure T able 6 Cross tabs between FSTS ratio and magnitude of RER exposure Based on this analysis, 4, 5, 6 from the table, we examine the link between exposure to the size of the elastic EMNCs and absolute size (Table 4) foreign assets, Hollywoods overseas sales (Table 5) and foreign sales total sales Ratio (Table 4). Cross tabulation results clearly point out the positive and statistically significant link between the size of foreign participation and exposure of the agents coefficient. Clearly recognized the significance of these results to determine the degree of international participation, because the size of exposure. Table 7 Cross tabs between countries and magnitude of RER exposure Table 8 In table 7 into each area countries further find interesting model are as follows: to 1% level, all from Argentina, Singapore and south Korean companies have higher real exchange rate risk elastic coefficient. By contrast, the Philippines, all from Hungary, Poland, the Russian federati on, Taiwan EMNCs worked in Slovenia 1% level significantly lower risk factor. Results must be in each specimen with because enterprise the inequalities of the number of countries that carefully ealuated. In table 8 into each area further breakdown of all countries found below interesting mode: 1% level, from India, Malaysia, the Philippines, the Russian federation, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan all enterprise DouZhengShi elastic coefficient exchange rate risk. By contrast, from Argentina EMNCs all once at 1% level significantly lower risk factor. Results must be in each specimen with because enterprise the inequalities of the number of countries that carefully ealuated. Table 9 Pooled Time Series Results According to the table 9 as robustness examination, we focus on multiple time series analysis. We think, the scale of the enterprise, financial lever degree, multinational company, enter the international capital degree, and as the real exchange rate flexibility theoretica lly reasonable risk factors upstream investment. Results reported the regional virtual variable abnormalities, and in all the variables in the statistical model putong 5% significant level significantly. The total sales variable is used as the agencys scale and our results suggest that this is an exchange rate risk of important decision factors. The size of the theoretical symbol may be because of the two factors offset ambiguous: on the one hand big companies are more likely to engage in foreign business, it may have a higher risk of currency. On the other hand, they are more likely to have enough resources to manage its exchange rate risk Chapter Five Conclusion The study reflects our attempts to understand as compared, in the DMNCs EMNCs exchange rate risk of nature. Presumably, this EMNCs exposure will in a DMNCs this larger. It appears three important discoveries, from our analysis. Below summarizes these results to First of all, our empirical results show that our sample 60 per cent of the multinational company has significant bear the risk of exchange rate fluctuations. Although common currency influence multinational company that value, empirically limited literature. Relative to in this field, including exposure company reports proportion generally less than 25%, in this study, the early work, we found that is rather high in proportion. Higher percentage in this study can partly in the calculation of the exchange rate risk, USES the method. The results can also be caused by sampling method, we used in this study. Although our sample is random, we think this is the reason for EMNCs representative discused. However, we cant rule ou t the possibility of a sampling bias. The second import our research findings were EMNCs substantially more vulnerable to exchange rate than developed countries peer rate factors. In some cases, this is due to emerging market inherent risks properties and/or system empty could limit in emerging markets, under the condition of the effective monetary risk management of universality. Finally, our third found in our study, EMNCs mainly there are real exchange rate risk, and DMNCs has a huge negative real exchange rate risk. The real exchange rate risk of positive can be attributed to import tendencies or big or foreign currency debt. Because in this example is used in EMNCs has significant foreign sales, import orientation argument itself insufficient to explain our findings. This causes inference EMNCs should have considerable balance sheet, this is consistent with the reality of foreign currency exchange rate risk liability. The positive relationship between leverage and magnitu de of exposure lend further support to this conclusion.

The National Government Of The United States - 1445 Words

Abstract The National Government of the United States of America consists of three branches. These branches of government, which include the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch, separate the government s power into a form of checks and balances. The system of checks and balances has been set in place to allow the three branches to limit the power of the other branches, this way, no branch is more powerful than the others. Each of these three branches of government will be further explained and the duties and responsibilities of each branch will be defined. The branches will also be compared and contrasted to one anther. A personal opinion will be given, as well as, supporting facts to this opinion. This†¦show more content†¦1; Legislature, n.d., para. 1). The House of Representatives is composed up of four hundred thirty-five elected members, which are divided up among the states according to their populations. The appointed leader of the House is the Sp eaker of the House, who is elected by Representatives(The Legislative Branch, n.d., para. 2). The House elects new members every two years, but to be elected you must be of the age of twenty- five. You must also be a United States citizen for at least seven years and you must live in the state in which you are representing(The Legislative Branch, n.d., para. 3). There is no limit to the amount of terms a Representative may serve(U.S. Federal Government, n.d., para. 7). Those who are elected members of the House have exclusive power assigned to them within the legislative branch: They have the power to impeach federal officials, commence revenue bills, and elect the President of the United States in the rare event of an electoral college tie(The Legislative Branch, n.d., para. 4). The Senate consists of two elected members from each state, resulting in one-hundred senators. Before 1913 the state legislatures would elect the senators, but after the 17th Amendment was ratified, senator s were elected by the people. In order to run for election and/or be elected, senators must be thirty years old, a United States citizen for nine years, and a resident of the state

Nike in Brazil a Host Country View Free Essays

Negative effects of Nike from Brazil’s point of view Brazil is rapidly privatizing many industries and its attitude toward a free market economy has changed significantly in the past 10 years. However, it seems the country still has a perception that often times associates capitalism with â€Å"greedy† developed countries. If the opinion of Brazil’s president is a reflection of how some of its people feel this is certainly the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike in Brazil: a Host Country View or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2008, Brazil’s president lambasted US corporations and the US government for â€Å"infecting his nation with problems that were not of its making (The New York Times, 2008). This attitude seems to have created some problems for Brazilians in terms of their view of Nike. The kind of leverage and control that such a large company can exert on football in the country is huge. This issue was thrown into the light when in 1998 the Brazilian national team lost in the World Cup finals to France. Earlier on in the year, Nike had invested a record amount ($200 million US) for the right to sponsor the Brazilian national team in the World Cup. As a requisite for sponsorship, Nike demanded that the team play an inordinate amount of exhibition games leading up to the event. Many Brazilians, including Brazilian football legend Pele (who filed a lawsuit against Nike), still blame Nike for Brazil’s loss. They claim that the unusual number of exhibition games tired the players out. Similarly, another interesting problem is Nike’s effect on competition in Brazil. Nike’s recent acquisition of UK sporting wear company Umbro allowed it to eclipse Adidas as the biggest brand in the world of football (The Financial Times, 2007). This is particularly troubling for Brazilian retailers, who worry about the concentration of brands between two large Multi-Nationals and the effect this might have on their business. Lastly, as with many interactions between MNC’s and developing countries environmental issues have been a problem. Brazil is a massive supplier of leather used for products like Nike shoes. However, much of the cattle that the leather comes from graze on what was once Amazon rain forest. A host of Brazilian ranchers have clear-cut entire swaths of rainforest in an attempt to make room for more cattle. This goes against Brazil’s need to preserve what is arguably its most precious natural resource (The Ends Report, 2009). In future business interactions, Nike needs to be weary of using tactics that could be perceived by the Brazilian people as greedy, dominating, or imperialistic. Such tactics may erode trust within the Brazilian population and could turn out to be a bigger PR headache than they are worth. Advantages of having Nike in Brazil from Brazil’s point of view On the other hand, the fact that Nike is such a large and powerful company can have its benefits for the Brazilian people. With its enormous buying capability Nike can actually shift the way products are produced in some countries by pressuring suppliers. As was discussed earlier, Nike has been using leather procured from suppliers who have clear-cut forests in order to make room for their cattle. However, in August of last year, Nike along with help from Greenpeace enacted a set of regulations that all its suppliers must follow. The policies included a rule against clear-cutting, as well as other important environmental conventions. It seems that where there are problems between Brazil and Nike, there are also opportunities (The Ends Report, 2009). Programs like this are exactly what Nike needs. Not only do they foster trust and goodwill, they also facilitate much needed changes in Brazil. Without Nike the changes in the Brazilian leather industry might be difficult to encourage. The cattle lobby in Brazil is well funded and has many political ties making initiatives that may affect productivity hard to pass. However, it seems that environmentally conscious Brazilians have found a solution and a partner in Nike. In addition, Nike also decided to make its entire 2010 World Cup kit (a collection of football clothing) out of recycled bottles. This initiative took 13 million plastic bottles out of landfills. Furthermore, the Nike project created an association between Brazil and sustainability that will be seen all over the world (Al-Bawaba Reporters, 2010). Lastly, in recent years Nike has invested enormous amounts of money in the Brazilian football infrastructure. Nike is one of the chief supporters of the Brazilian Football Confederation and has extended its contract with this association until 2018. In addition, Nike also sponsors all three of the largest football teams in the country (Sports Marketing Quarterly, 2006). This reflects a direct commitment to improving and fostering football in the Brazil. The support of such a large sporting powerhouse seems to have had some positive effects on Brazil in terms of their attractiveness as a host for future events. In the past year, Brazil secured the 2014 world cup. This event is extremely lucrative for local vendors (among other parties) and will allow Brazil to display its incredible culture on a worldwide scale. Bibliography How to cite Nike in Brazil: a Host Country View, Papers

Human Resource Management and Strategic Alliances

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management and Strategic Alliances. Answer: Introduction: During the period of pre-amalgamation, the Autumn Council and Spring Council were two different identities. The workforce strength of Autumn council was lower than Spring Council. In both the companies, female employees were less compared to male. In case of Autumn council, the lower division staffs were of higher number, public work services, recreation and community services included 29 and 26 staffs respectively. Compared to Autumn council, spring council consist of 38 and 36 staffs respectively in the same departments. In both organizations, 5 human resource staffs are present. One difference between these two organizations is experienced staffs. In Autumn council, upper level staffs are 3 years experienced and full time permanent staffs, compared to less experienced and contractual staffs of Autumn council. Analyzing both organizational charts, workplace supply is justified. From the case study of autumn council, it has been seen that staff turnover rate is highly abnormal. In case of male, it is 26 % and in case of female it is 41 %. Though the male staff turnover rate is stable, female turnover rate is increasing. Two key reasons found from the case study are the gender biasness in the workplace and dissatisfaction with being overlooked for advancement to the senior designations (Bratton Gold, 2012). These two reasons are significant because, from the case study it has been revealed that 32 % female staffs, coming from mixed ethnic background are working in lower level administrative role. In spite of Spring Councils effort to enhance female workforce, turnover is 37 %. The third reason of turnover rate is cultural discrimination. The pre-amalgamation turnover rate was high in both Autumn and Spring council, especially in case of female employees. Thus, in post-amalgamation period, the organization should undertake the following strategies to address the increased rate of staff turnover. Establishment of a open and transparent communication network within lower and higher division staffs (Cartwright Cooper, 2012) Performance appraisal program and based on the performance, internal selection for higher designation Recruiting employees from diverse cultural background and prioritizing female employees during recruitment would reduce gender biasness issues Summer Council workforce is established after amalgamation, with the employee strength of Autumn and Spring Council. In Summer council, the staff recruitment process would involve merit based approach. The HR policies and procedures should include anti-gender and anti-cultural discrimination policies. It would be motivate staffs to follow HR policies. For retaining staffs, motivational strategies like performance based and experience based reward system should be incorporated into the HR policies (Vaiman, Scullion Collings, 2012). The contract and part time workers should also be involved in organizational procedures and rewards, to make them familiar with the organizational environment, which were absent in the pre-amalgamation environment. It will enhance the chance of their retention. During the organizational change and amalgamation, retaining skilled and experienced performers is crucial for organizational success. In case Summer council, the following three strategies will be useful to retain existing skilled employees. Talent assessment- Talent assessment is required for identifying the most skilled people, who are needed to be retained for organizational success. The talent assessment would include identification of core skills of employees, which would be nourished for retaining them in the organization, during the change. Talent retention program- It can be considered as the next step of talent assessment. Talent retention program include training and development, flexible work schedule, above market salaries, exploration of employee value proposition elements, focused cultural alignment, and monitory and non-monitory rewards. These would help employees to feel valued (Cartwright Cooper, 2012). Providing growth opportunities- Employees tend to stay in an organization, where they see opportunities to grow. Thus, providing growth and future development opportunities will attempt to retain employees. During pre-amalgamation phase, two organizations were experiencing high percentage of employee turnover. It has been revealed that a significant cultural and gender discrimination issue was one of the key reasons behind the high rate of turnover (Buller McEvoy, 2012). The following three objectives would ensure workforce diversity and cross-cultural management in the organization. To recruit diverse cultural employees from foreign origin To implement anti-gender and anti-cultural discrimination policies To fill 90 % of the workforce from diverse culture One key strategy to source skilled employees to the Summer Council is to include digital recruitment process. Digital recruitment process allows the recruiter to find the most skilled and experienced employees, by analyzing their resumes provided in the websites. The second strategy is to contact with reliable consultancies (Vaiman, Scullion Collings, 2012). These organizations make a contract with the company to provide skilled employees. It also helps to reduce HR professionals difficulties to find suitable employees. The third strategy is to create organizations own website and using mobile recruitment for promoting the organizational vacancies. Communication strategies are important for engaging the employees in the organizational environment and change management. The following three communication strategies would be implemented for engaging employees in the organizational change. Transparent and open communication- Transparency is very important in communication. It ensures that the conversation is two-sided and employees tend to feel that they are being valued (Cartwright Cooper, 2012). Using effective ICT tools- ICT tools are showing high potential to be implemented in the business communication as it successfully reducing organizational conflicts and engaging employees. Frequent interaction with employees- Creating an open and friendly environment is very important for engagement. The leaders and managers should praise and motivate employees in their regular performance to enhance their engagement (Cartwright Cooper, 2012). The HR managers should collect written consent from employee to secure their agreement. The HR manager would attempt meet the all the staff members through a conference, group discussion or meeting. In this meeting the manager would clarify the objectives and goals of the current change management along with the discussion regarding the need for employees support in the change management. Direct communication will motivate employees to be more engaged with the organization (Buller McEvoy, 2012). Once they begin to feel valued, they would be assured about their retention in the organization and stop spreading rumours. Reference List Bratton, J., Gold, J. (2012). Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Buller, P. F., McEvoy, G. M. (2012). Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human resource management review, 22(1), 43-56. Cartwright, S., Cooper, C. L. (2012). Managing Mergers Acquisitions and Strategic Alliances. Routledge. Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making. Management Decision, 50(5), 925-941.